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Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > GI development pt 1 > Flashcards

GI development pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key stage which forms the ventral body wall and gets the gut within a cavity?

A

• Embryonic folding

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2
Q

What happens when the embryo folds laterally?

A
  • Creates ventral body wall

* Primitive gut becomes tubular

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3
Q

What happens when the embryo folds cranicaudally?

A

• Creates cranial a caudal pockets from yolk sac endoderm (beginning of primitive gut development)

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4
Q

What are the three embryonic divisions of the gut?

A
  • Foregut
  • Midgut
  • Hindgut
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5
Q

What does the division of the regions of the foregut determine?

A

• It’s blood and nerve supply

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6
Q

Where is only opening in the developing embryo?

A

• Mid gut

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7
Q

How do the divisions of the gut tube help us?

A

• Gives us structures for blood supply and lymphatic drainage in the adult

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8
Q

What is the stomatodeum?

A

• Future mouth

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9
Q

What is the proctodeum?

A

• Future anus

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10
Q

What is the opening into the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

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11
Q

What is the internal lining of the gut derived from?

A

• Endoderm

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12
Q

What is the external lining of the gut derived from? What does it become?

A

• Splanchnic mesoderm
○ Future musculature
○ Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

Where is the primitive gut tube found?

A

• In intraembryonic coelom, suspended by a double layer of splanchnic mesoderm

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14
Q

Give 7 structures found in foregut

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Foregut
  • Pancreas,liver&gallbladder
  • Duodenum(proximaltoentranceofbileduct)
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15
Q

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

A

• Celiac trunk

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16
Q

Give 6 structures found in midgut

A
  • Duodenum(distaltoentranceofbileduct)
  • Jejunum
  • Midgut
  • Ileum
  • Cecum
  • Ascendingcolon
  • Proximal 2/3 transverse colon
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17
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery

* Superior Mesenteric Vein

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18
Q

Give 7 structures found in hindgut

A
  • Distal1/3transversecolon
  • Hindgut
  • Descendingcolon
  • Sigmoidcolon
  • Rectum
  • Upperanalcanal
  • Internalliningofbladder&urethra
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19
Q

What is the blood supply of the hindgut?

A
  • Inferior Mesenteric Artery

* Inferior Mesenteric Vein

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20
Q

Why is embryonic distinction important in terms of arterial blood supply?

A

• Each segment receives blood supply from a distinct branch of the abdominal aorta

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21
Q

What structures receive a mixed blood supply?

A

• Those which develop close to the junction between foregut and midgut
○ Duodenum
§ Proximal to entry of bile duct - Gastroduodenal & superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
§ Distal to entry of bile duct - Inferior pancreatic duodenal artery (SMA)
○ Pancreas
§ Head - Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (CT)
§ Inferior pancreaticduodenal artery (SMA)

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22
Q

What are the most important arterial trunks for the GI tract?

A
  • The celiac trunk
  • The superior mesenteric artery
  • Abdominal aota
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
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23
Q

How is the intraembryonic coelom divided?

A
  • By the diaphragm into abdominal and thoracic cavities

* Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity

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24
Q

What is the mesoderm of the gut split into?

A
  • Somatic mesoderm

* Splanchnic mesoderm

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25
Q

What is the primitive gut surrounded by?

A

• Coelomic cavity

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26
Q

How is the abdominal wall formed?

A
  • Two sides of the anterlateral wall meet in the linea alba

* One opening is left, at the umbilicus

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27
Q

What makes up the three layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • The external oblique
  • The internal oblique
  • The transversus abdominis
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28
Q

What muscle is located on the anterior aspect of the abdominal wall?

A

• Rectus abdominis

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29
Q

What structure is deep to all of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

The transversalis fascia

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30
Q

What lines the external surface of the abdominal wall?

A

• The superficial fascia

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31
Q

What do the muscles and fascia of the abdominal wall develop from?

A

• Somatic mesoderm

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32
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

• An oblique passage through the layers of the abdominal wall

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33
Q

What does the inguinal canal allow in males?

A

• Allows the passage of the developing testis into the scrotum

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34
Q

What is a common condition in the inguinal canal?

A

Hernia

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35
Q

What is found in the inguinal canal in women?

A

• The round ligament of the uterus and the iliinguinal nerve

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36
Q

What is found in the inguinal canal in males?

A

• The spermatic cord and the iliinguinal nerve

37
Q

What is an umbilical hernia?

A

• A congenital malformation where the intestines protrude through the abdominal wall

38
Q

Why is umbilical hernia common in babies?

A
  • Gut forms outside of the abdomen and later returns through an opening which becomes the umbilicus
  • Abdominal contents can thus push against it and herniate outwards
39
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

• Inguinal canal a potential site of weakness through which the layers of the abdominal wall can herniate through

40
Q

What is the coelomic cavity formed between?

A

• The somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

41
Q

What is the intraembryonic coleom later subdivided by?

A

• The future diaphragm

42
Q

What does the peritoneal membrane do?

A

• Lines the abdominal cavity and invests the viscera

43
Q

Describe the attachments of the developing gut

A
  • Attached to the roof of the abdominal cavity by the dorsal
  • Attach to floor by the ventral mesentery
44
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral mesentery become?

A

• Various peritoneal folds and reflections that suspend gut and give passage to vessels and nerves in the adult

45
Q

What is the peritoneal membrane?

A

• Lines abdominal cavity and wraps around the viscera

46
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

• A potential space, which contains nothing under normal conditions

47
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

• A double layer of peritoneum suspending the gut tube from the abdominal wall

48
Q

What is the purpose of a mesentery?

A
  • Allow a conduit for blood and nerve supply

* Allow mobility where needed

49
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral mesenteries divide the foregut into?

A

• Left and right sac

50
Q

What does the left sac contribute to?

A

• The greater peritoneal sac

51
Q

What does the right sac contribute to?

A

• The lesser peritoneal sac

52
Q

Where is dorsal mesentery present?

A

• All the way along the gut wall

53
Q

Where is the ventral mesentery found?

A

• Only in the foregut

54
Q

What are the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs?

A

• Formed by the dorsal and ventral mesenteries, which divide foregut cavity into left and right

55
Q

What are the omenta?

A

• Specialised regions of peritoneum

56
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A
  • Formed from the dorsal mesentery

* First structure seen when the abdominal cavity is opened anteriorly

57
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

• The greater curve of the stomach to the transverse colon

58
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

• The lesser curve of the stomach to the liver

59
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A
  • Formed from the ventral mesentery

* Free edge conducts the portal triad

60
Q

How are the greater and lesser sacs formed, and how are the omenta formed?

A

• Rotation of the stomach

61
Q

How does the primitive stomach rotate?

A
  • Around the longitudinal axis

* Around the enteroposterior axis

62
Q

What does rotation of the stomach cause? (6)

A
  • Putsthevagusnervesanteriorandposteriortothestomachinsteadofleftandright
  • Shiftscardiaandpylorusfromthemidline - stomach lies obliquely
  • Contributestomovingthelesser sacbehindthestomach
  • Createsthe greateromentum
  • Original left side anterior
  • Original right side becomes posterior
63
Q

What is the peritoneal reflection?

A

• A change in direction
○ From parietal peritoneum to mesentery
○ From mesentery to visceral peritoneum

64
Q

Where does the foregut extend to and from?

A

• The lung bud to the liver bud

65
Q

What parts of the GI tract continue to possess mesenteries and why?

A

• The jejunum and ileum remain suspended from the posterior abdominal wall

66
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A

• Were never in the peritoneal cavity and never had a mesentery

67
Q

What does secondarily retroperitoneal mean?

A

• Began development surrounded by peritoneum and had a mesentery, but mesentery is lost over time through fusion at posterior abdominal wall

68
Q

What happens to the duodenum during development to make it retroperitoneal?

A

The duodenum and its mesentery is pushed against the posterior abdominal wall during development due to the rotation of the stomach and the large size of the liver

69
Q

What is fusion fascia?

A

• Peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall squished together with the duodenum and its mesentery

70
Q

Why is it easy to remove fusion fascia?

A

• It is avascular

71
Q

What is formed in the ventral wall of foregut at the junction with the pharyngeal gut in the 4th weak?

A

• A respiratory diverticulum

72
Q

What can form from an abnormal positioning of the tracheoesophageal septum?

A

• Oesophageal abnormalities

73
Q

What creates the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

• Faster growth of dorsal curvature

74
Q

What does the respiratory diverticulum becomes ventrally and dorsally?

A
  • Ventrally - Respiratory primordium

* Dorsally - Oesophagus

75
Q

What are the respiratory primordium and the oesophagus divided by?

A

• The tracheoesophageal system

76
Q

What organs (or organ parts) are formed in the ventral mesentery?

A
  • Liver
  • Biliary system
  • Part of the pancreas
77
Q

What organs are formed in the dorsal mesentery?

A

Pancreas

78
Q

What does the liver develop from?

A

• The hepatic bud within the ventral mesentery

79
Q

What happens to the lumen of the duodenum?

A
  • It is obliterated due to the lining growing so quickly

* Recanalised by the end of the embryonic period

80
Q

What does the rotation of the stomach do to the duodenum?

A

• Pushes it right and then back again against the posterior abdominal wall

81
Q

Dilation of what indicates stomach primordium?

A

• Distal foregut

82
Q

What does rotation of the stomach and changing of the positions of the dorsal and ventral mesenteries form?

A
  • Omental bursa formed

* Lesser sac displaced posteriorly from right

83
Q

In terms of glandular development, where is the liver, biliary system and uncinate process and inferior head of pancreas formed?

A

• In the ventral mesentery

84
Q

What is formed in the dorsal mesentery?

A

• Pancreas (superior head, neck body and tail)

85
Q

What does the duodenum develop from?

A
  • Caudal foregut

* Cranial midgut

86
Q

How does the duodenum grow?

A

• Rapidly, forming a C-shaped loop when the stomach rotates

87
Q

How does the lumen of the duodenum develop?

A
  • In 5th and 6th week lumen is obliterated, then recanlised by the end of the embryonic period
  • Rotation of the stomach pushes duodenum to right, then against posterior abdominal wall
88
Q

Define secondarily retroperitoneal

A

•Astructurethatdevelopedintraperitoneally whosemesenterywaslosttofusionwithposteriorabdominalwallparietalperitoneumduetomassive massiveexpansion expansionofGItractduringdevelopment

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (28 decks)

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