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Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > Session 1 - Clinical > Flashcards

Session 1 - Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Approximately how long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm

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3
Q

What is the distance from the incisor teeth to the oesophago gastric junction? Why is this clinically important?

A

38-40cm

Useful for diagnosis and endoscopy (nasogastric tubes)

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4
Q

What is Barret’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplasia of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar gastric epithelium
Caused by repeated exposure to gastric acid

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5
Q

Is Barret’s oesophagus a direct indication of cancer?

A

No, but can be considered pre-cancerous

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6
Q

Name two possible types of cancer that can arise in the oesophagus

A

Adenocell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

Deifne dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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8
Q

Name three things that may cause dysphagia

A

Tumours
Problems with musculature
Neural problems (achalasia)

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9
Q

What are oesophageal varicies?

A

Swollen and ruptured veins in the oesophagus, which can cause potentially fatal haemorrhage

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10
Q

What are oesophageal varicies caused by?

A

Portal hypertension (drains into oesophageal veins)

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11
Q

Name three mechanisms that help to prevent stomach contents refluxing into oesophagus

A

Pinch valve - angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach

Mucosal folds at the oesophagogastric junction

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12
Q

You’re going on a journey through the stomach. Outline the 6 landmarks you will see

A 
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pyloris
Pyloric sphincter
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13
Q

Define peptic ulceration

A

Muscular erosions of greater the 5cm in stomach and duodenum

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14
Q

Why is the first part of the duodenum prone to ulceration?

A

Acidity of chyme and leakage of stomach acid, due to lack of protection - no bicarbonate or bile

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15
Q

What is delivered through the duodenal papilla?

A

Water

Bile, hepatic and pancreatic secretions

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16
Q

Where does the 14liters of fluid in the gut come from?

A

1.5l saliva
2.5l of gastric secretions
9l water + alkali

17
Q

Which part of the GI system absorbs the majority of fluid?

A

The small intestine (12.5l)

18
Q

If a person had their entire SI removed, what changes would be present in their faeces?

A

Watery

Steatorrhea

19
Q

Name two conditions affection the SI which potentially result in malabsorption

A

Chrohn’s disease

Coeliac disease

20
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

A congenital disorder where part of the SI bulges out and is a vestigal remnant of omphalo-mesenteric duct

21
Q

Outline the cool rule surround Meckel’s diverticulum

A

2% (of the population). 2 feet (proximal to the ileocecal valve). 2 inches (in length). 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic). 2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation. 2:1 Male:Female ratio

22
Q

What condition can Meckel’s diveritculum be mistaken for?

A

Acute appendicitis, presents with similar symptoms if inflamed

23
Q

How will someone present clinically if they have a blocked small intestine?

A

Nausea
Constipation
Vomit
Loss of appetite

24
Q

Give two common causes of appendicitis

A

Faecolith

Intestinal worms

25
Q

Where is pain initially felt in appendicitis?

A

Umbilical pain

26
Q

Where is McBurney’s point, and what is it significant for?

A

1/3 up from illiac fossa, 2/3 water to umbilicus

Appendix location

27
Q

What are diverticula and how do they develop?

A

Formation of pouches which extend outwards from large hollow organs
Embryonic remmenant
Develop in sigmoid colon, as it experiences highest pressure

28
Q

What is a result of the variable mobility of different parts of the large bowel?

A

Twists

Blood blockage

29
Q

Where is the dentate line?

A

1/3 up anus

Saw toothed pattern

30
Q

What cancers occur above dentate line?

A

Adenocarcinoma

31
Q

What cancers occur below dentate line?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

32
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Dilated vascular structures which help with stool control

Vascular cushion which surround rectum

33
Q

What are the symptoms of piles? (bad haemorrhoids)

A

Rectal bleeding

Pain

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (28 decks)

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