Session 10 - Imagine imaging of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Give five different types of imaging used to investigate the GI tract

A
  • Plain x-rays
    • Contrast studies
    • Ultrasound
    • Cross-sectional imaging
    • Angiography
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2
Q

Give two types of x-rays

A
  • Abdominal x-ray

* Erect cheat x-ray

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3
Q

Give four types of contrast studies

A
  • Barium swallow
    • Barium enema
    • Barium meal/follow through
    • Water soluble contrast studies
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4
Q

Give two types of cross sectional imaging

A
  • Computed tomography

* Magnetic resonance imaging

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5
Q

What are the risks of imagine?

A

• Radiation
○ Carcinogenesis
○ Genetic
○ Developmental risk to foetus

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6
Q

What is a contrast study used for?

A

• Defining hollow viscera

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7
Q

Give a water soluble contrast

A

• Iodine used

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8
Q

What is a barium enema used for?

A

• Study where contrast medium is inserted rectally

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9
Q

What is ultrasound?

A
  • Use of sound waves to generate an imahe
    • Frequency above audible range of human hearing

Usually 2-18 MHz

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10
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasound?

A
  • Cheap compared to CT and MRI
    • Portable
    • Highly user dependent
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11
Q

What can ultrasound be used for?

A
  • To determine if patient has gall stones
    • See if common bile duct inflated
    • Liver, protal vein and appendix
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12
Q

What is GI angiography?

A
  • Injection of radio-opaque contrast agent intravenously and then using various methods to capture the image
    • Used for both bleeding and ischaemia to allow visualisation of the GI tract
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13
Q

Give four key features of an abdominal x-ray

A
  • Stomach
    • Small and large bowel
    • Soft tissues
    • Bones
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14
Q

Give 6 soft tissues that can be visualised on an abdominal x-ray

A
  • Liver
    • Spleen
    • Kidneys
    • Psoas major
    • Bladder
    • Lung bases
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15
Q

When are the intestines visible?

A

When filled with gas

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16
Q

When are the intestines not visible?

A

• When filled with fluid

17
Q

Give four common reasons for requesting an abdominal x-ray

A
  • Acute abdominal pain
    • Small or large bowel obstruction
    • Acute exacerbation of IBD

Renal colic

18
Q

What are the circular folds of the small bowel called?

A
  • Valvulae conniventes

* Appear as lines that appear to cross the whole of bowel lumen

19
Q

Where is the large bowel seen on an abdominal x-ray?

A
  • Periphery

* Possible to see haustra on the x-ray

20
Q

What does faeces look like on an x-ray?

A

Clouds in the lumen

21
Q

What is the rule of 3/6/9 in checking the small and large bowel for gas obstruction?

A
  • Small bowel is said to be dilated when it is greater than 3cm
    • Large bowel when it is greater than 6cm
    • Caecum (when the ileocaecal valve is working) is said to be dilated when it is >9cm
22
Q

What does small bowel obstruction usually present with?

A
  • Vomiting
    • Mild distension
    • Absolute constipation is a late feature
23
Q

Why may you vomit earlier in small bowel obstruction?

A

• Obstruction closer to mouth

24
Q

Give four causes of small bowel obstruction

A

• Adhesions
• Hernias
○ Inguinal, femoral, incisional
• Tumours

Inflammation

25
What do people with large bowel obstruction present with?
* Abdominal pain and distension, with constipation as an early feature * Vomiting and faeculance is a late feature
26
What is the abdominal pain like in large bowel obstruction?
• Colicky, but not as frequent as small bowel obstruction
27
Give five causes of large bowel obstruction
* Colorectal cacrinoma * Diverticular stricture * Hernia * Volvulus * Pseudo-obstruction
28
What is a volvulus?
• This is when a viscera twists around itself or the mesentery Most common is a sigmoid/caecum volvulus
29
What happens when a volvulus occurs?
• Twisting occurs and the enclosed loop of bile dilates Increases risk of perforating or cutting of its blood suppl
30
Name 6 abnormalities which can be visualised on an x-ray
* Pancreatitis * Aneurysms * Nodes * Bones * Artifacts * Foreign body * Kidney stones
31
What is an erect chest x-ray useful in diagnosing?
• A perforated bowel
32
Give 6 causes of a perforated bowel
* Peptic ulcer * Diverticular disease * Tumor * Obstruction * Trauma * Iatrogenic
33
Why does the chest x-ray need to be erect for a perforated bowel?
• The diaphragm will only be separated from other viscera by the air rising to the top
34
What is normally found in the peritoneal cavity?
• Small amount of fluid
35
What is an abdominal CT?
* High dose radiation * Good spatial resolution (Poor contrast compared to MRI) Use of IV or oral.rectal contrast
36
What is MRI?
* No radiation * Good spatial and contrast resolution Time consuming
37
What is an MRI scan used to visualize the gall bladder and biliary tree?
• Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatogram