Session 9 Digestive system and Nutrition & Metabolism

Question 1

main organ

Answer 1

tube
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine , large intestine

Question 2

small intestine

Answer 2

most digestion and absorption
3 parts
duodenum (secrete hormone chloeocystokinin CCK only when there is food) where it get juices mostly chemical digestion
jejunum
ileum (longest)

Question 3

large intestine

Answer 3

cecum
colon (ascending transverse descending sigmoid = high bacteria content)
rectum
anal canal

Question 4

ingestion

Answer 4

complex food take in

Question 5

digestion

Answer 5

breakdown of complex food all the way to monomers
complex nutrients into simpler ones
digestion have two ways:
mechanical and chemical

Question 6

mechanical digestion

Answer 6

breaking large chunks into smaller pieces

Question 7

chemical digestion

Answer 7

involves acids and enzymes
chemically breaks down large molecules into smaller ones

Question 8

Motility

Answer 8

movement of food along the GI tract
resulting from muscle contraction

Question 9

secretion

Answer 9

secreting enzymes and other products
release of digestive juices and hormones that facilitates digestion

Question 10

absorption

Answer 10

movement of digested nutrients into the internal environment of the body.

Question 11

elimination

Answer 11

can’t digest coming out as a waste out of alimentary canal/GI tract

Question 12

layers/ walls of digestive tract

Answer 12

serosa (outer layer)
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa (inner layer)

Question 13

peristalsis

Answer 13

series of contractions that allow the food to move
wave like movement pushes food along the tract

Question 14

segmentation

Answer 14

mushing it up on smaller pieces
chemical digestion

Question 15

salivary glands

Answer 15

all for lubrication and moistening as you swallow
3 parts
parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 16

parotid

Answer 16

largest
serous secretions with enzymes (AMYLASE = maltose)
mumps

Question 17

submandibular

Answer 17

middle wall of jawline
Serous with enzymes
mucous type no enzymes

Question 18

sublingual

Answer 18

smallest
mucous type

Question 19

soft palette prevent food from going through nasal cavity

Answer 19

pharynx

Question 20

prevent food from going through trachea

Answer 20

Epiglottis

Question 21

another name for swallowing

Answer 21

deglutition

Question 22

only organ that can handle HCL acid

Answer 22

stomach

Question 23

bolus

Answer 23

food after mastication (chewing)superior and

Question 24

part of stomach superior and lateral from GI tract

Answer 24

FUNDUS

Question 25

stomach parts

Answer 25

fundus -> body -> layers (serosa, muscular, submucosa, mucosa) -> rugae -> pylorus -> pyloric sphincter -> duodenum

Question 26

rugae

Answer 26

purpose of it to expand stomach

Question 27

chyme

Answer 27

food enzyme mixed with gastric juices

Question 28

lower left border of stomach underneath

Answer 28

greater curvature

Question 29

lower left border medial part of stomach

Answer 29

lesser curvature

Question 30

tail end of stomach lower part

Answer 30

pylorus

Question 31

regulates the movement of food from stomach to small intestine needs to contract before allowing chyme in the stomach to enter duodenum muscles closes opening between pylorus and duodenum

Answer 31

pyloric sphincter

Question 32

place, villi, microvilli

Answer 32

better absorption increase surface tension

Question 33

lipase

Answer 33

made in pancreas breaks down fat

Question 34

capillaries for fat absorption

Answer 34

lacteals

Question 35

pancreas

Answer 35

exocrine glands secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid enzymes to digest carbohydrates, chons (proteins), lipids

Question 36

bile

Answer 36

liver produce bile emulsifies fat (larger lipid droplets to smaller droplets) mechanical emulsification

Question 37

ducts

Answer 37

hepatic = drains bile from liver cystic = by which bile enters and leave gallbladder drains gallbladder hepatic and cystic joins to form common bile duct (transfers bile to duodenum)

Question 38

serous membrane coverings of the abdominal cavity/organs

Answer 38

peritoneum

Question 39

extensions of peritoneum

Answer 39

lesser momentum greater momentum (help isolate inflamed area) mesentery

Question 40

main source for vitamin k

Answer 40

intestinal flora

Question 41

carbohydrates digestion

Answer 41

amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase end products mostly glucose (a monosachharide) most imp and abundant

Question 42

protein digestion

Answer 42

HCL (denature protein molecules) pepsin (from pepsinogen + HCL) TRYPSIN (pancreas), peptidase (pancreas and small intestines) end products are amino acids

Question 43

fat digestion

Answer 43

bile emulsifies lipase (pancreas) end products are fatty acids and glycerol monomers of lipids

Question 44

food enters cell and undergo chemical change

Answer 44

assimilation

Question 45

larger more complicated to smaller break down

Answer 45

catabolism

Question 46

anabolism

Answer 46

smaller simpler to larger more complex build up

Question 47

anabolism nd catabolism together

Answer 47

metabolism

Question 48

major macronutrients

Answer 48

carbohydrates proteins lipids

Question 49

role of liver

Answer 49

bile production forms prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids detoxifies toxic substances stores iron, vit A and Vitamin D

Question 50

CALORIE

Answer 50

amt. of energy needed to raise the temp. of one gram of H2O 1 degree celsius

Question 51

micronutrients

Answer 51

minerals and vitamins

Question 52

pathway of cellular respiration

Answer 52

making ATP 36 ATP produce anaerobic (no O2) aerobic (with O2)

Question 53

glucose metabolism

Answer 53

glycolysis -> citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) -> electron transport chain

Question 54

fat metabolism

Answer 54

fatty acids and glycerol -> gluconeogenesis -> conversion to form like glucose -> citric acid cycle -> ETC

Question 55

protein metabolism

Answer 55

amino acids -> gluconeogenesis -> conversion to form a glucose -> citric acid cycle

Question 56

glycolysis occur in

Answer 56

anaerobic in cytoplasm

Question 57

citric acid cycle

Answer 57

aerobic in mitochondria

Question 58

electron transport chain

Answer 58

aerobic in mitochondria

Question 59

essential amino acids

Answer 59

imp. that I eat because my body cannot make it

Question 60

non-essential amino acids

Answer 60

not imp. that I eat because my body can make from other products

Question 61

BMR basic metabolic rate

Answer 61

rate at which nutrients are catabolism

Question 62

BMR conditions

Answer 62

resting but awake NOT digesting food NOT adjusting to cold environment (comfortable)

Question 63

factors that determine BMR

Answer 63

age, size (surface area), body composition, amt of thyroid hormone, misc. (fever, drugs, emotions)

Question 64

TMR

Answer 64

BMR + energy requirements throughout day exercise and all kinds od=s muscular activity, food intake (thermic effect of blood), environment temp

Question 65

enzymes are imp. in

Answer 65

catabolism chemical digestion

Question 66

electron transport system

Answer 66

occurs in mitochondria produce ATP