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Head & Neck > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neural crest

A

A specialised population of cells that

originates within the neurectoderm

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2
Q

How do the Neural crest cells reach the area for Head & Neck development?

A

Begin at the lateral border of the neuroectoderm
Become displaced and enter the mesoderm
Migrate and contribute to Head & Neck

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3
Q

What are the major features of the face?

A

Palpebral fissues (Opening to the eye)
Oral fissue
Nares (Nostrils)
Philtrum (Small vertical groove above the upper lip)

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4
Q

Where do the Pharyngeal arches develop?

A

In the neck region around the Aortic arches

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5
Q

What does each Pharyngeal arch have?

A 
Aortic arch artery
Vein
Nerve (Cranial)
Mesenchyme filling (Will become cartilaginous bar)
Ectodermal covering
Endodermal lining
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6
Q

What forms the facial skeleton?

A

Neural crest of 1st Pharyngeal arch

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7
Q

What forms the muscles of mastication?

A

Mesoderm of 1st Pharyngeal arch

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8
Q

What forms the muscles of facial expression?

A

Mesoderm of 2nd Pharyngeal arch (First prominence)

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9
Q

What is the facial primordia made of?

A 
The 1st Pharyngeal arch (Paired and has 2 prominences)
Frontonasal prominence (Unpaired. Primordia of eyes)
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10
Q

Why is the Frontonasal prominence large?

A

Because it surrounds the ventro-lateral part of the forebrain

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11
Q

What drives development of the face?

A

Expansion of the cranial neural tube

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12
Q

What is the Stomatodeum?

A

An area of the embryonic head that contains the buccopharyngeal membrane(Avascular, will rupture to create the oral cavity opening)

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13
Q

What does the 1st Pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

Maxillary prominence

Mandibular prominence

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14
Q

What are the derivatives of the Frontonasal prominence?

A

Forehead
Bridge of nose
Nose
Philtrum

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15
Q

What are the derivatives of the Maxillary prominence?

A

Cheeks
Lateral upper lip
Lateral upper jaw

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16
Q

What are the derivatives of the Mandibular prominence?

A

Low lip

Jaw

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17
Q

What is a placode?

A

A thickening of ectoderm which indicates it will go on to become a ‘special senses’

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18
Q

Where do the nasal placodes appear?

A

On the frontonasal prominence. They then sink to become the nasal pits (With raised section around called prominence)

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19
Q

In what direction does the Maxillary prominence grow?

A

Medially. This pushes the nasal prominences closer together in the midline

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20
Q

What does the nasal prominences fuse with?

A

Each other in the midline

The Maxillary prominences

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21
Q

What does the Inter-maxillary segment give rise to?

A

The Primary palate

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22
Q

What are the components of the Inter-maxillary segment?

A 
Labial component (Philtrum)
Upper jaw (4 incisors)
Primary palate
23
Q

How is the Inter-maxillary segment created?

A

Fusion of the medial nasal prominences

24
Q

What is the main part of the definitive palate made of?

A

The secondary palate

25
Q

What is the secondary palate derived from?

A

Palatal shelves derived from the Maxillary prominence (2 made from the prominence)

26
Q

How do the Palatal shelves grow?

A

Downwards into the oral cavity either side of the developing tongue (Which drops when the Mandible grows larger)
Palatal shelves then grow towards one another and fuse in the midline

27
Q

Where does the nasal septum (vomer) fuse?

A

It develops as a midline, growns downwards and fuses with the palatal shelves

28
Q

What is the dual origin of the lip and palate?

A 
Intermaxillary segment (Philtrum and Primary palate)
Maxillary process (Fused palatal shelves, lateral part of lip)
29
Q

What is the least severe version of a cleft lip disorder?

A

Lateral cleft lip

30
Q

What is a Lateral cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence (Can involve the Primary palate)

31
Q

What is the most severe version of a cleft lip disorder?

A

A cleft lip and cleft palate

32
Q

What is a Cleft lip and cleft palate?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
AND
Failure of the palatal shelves to meet in the midline

33
Q

What are some of the signs of a Cleft lip and cleft palate?

A

Cannot feed properly

Issues with speech development

34
Q

What does the Frontonasal prominence become?

A

Forehead
Bridge of nose
Medial nasal prominence
Lateral nasal prominence

35
Q

What does the Medial nasal prominence become?

A

Philtrum
Primary palate
Mid upper jaw

36
Q

What does the Later nasal prominence become?

A

Sides of the nose

37
Q

What does the Maxillary prominence become?

A

Cheeks
Lateral upper lip
Secondary palate
Lateral upper jaw

38
Q

What does the Mandibular prominence become?

A

Lower jaw
Lower lip
(The prominence begins relatively small, but then enlarges a lot)

39
Q

What is the primordia of the eyes?

A

Outpocketings of the forebrain on the side of the head (Optic vesicles)

40
Q

How do the Optic vesicles develop?

A

They grow outwards and make contact with the overlying ectoderm. They then grow out towards the surface to make contact with the Optic placodes

41
Q

What develops to make the lens of the eye?

A

Optic placodes

42
Q

What happens when the Optic vesicles meet the Optic placodes?

A

It invaginates and pinches off

43
Q

What are the Retinas derived from?

A

Optic vesicles

44
Q

Where are the eye primoridia originally placed?

A

At the side of the head

45
Q

Why do the eye primordia move?

A

The facial prominences grow which causes the eye primordia to move to their position during life

46
Q

What is the placode that aids auditory developed called?

A

The otic placode

47
Q

What does the external auditory meatus develop from?

A

The 1st Pharyngeal cleft

48
Q

What do the Auditory hillocks develop from?

A

The 1st Pharyngeal cleft. They go on to make the pinna of the ear from auricles

49
Q

Where do the ears initially develop?

A

Side of the neck

50
Q

How do the ears move to their normal position?

A

As the mandible grows the ears ascend to the side of the head and lie in line with the eyes

51
Q

What is Fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

The neural crest cells and development of the brain are very sensitive to alcohol. Usually occurs in pregnancies that have a large alcohol intake

52
Q

What are the signs of Fetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
Low nasal bridge & short nose
Small head
Smooth Philtrum
Thin upper lip
Epicanthal folds
Small eye openings
53
Q

How does the inner ear develop?

A

Otic placodes invaginate to form Auditory vesicles.

Makes the Membranous Labyrinth which will go on to develop into the Cochlea and Semi lunar canal system

54
Q

Where does the tongue develop?

A

Between the palatal shelves

Head & Neck (9 decks)

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