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Head & Neck > Session 2 - Part II > Flashcards

Session 2 - Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the embryonic head and neck?

A

The pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

What drives the development of the face?

A

The nose

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3
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

System mesenchymal proliferations in the neck region of the embryo
Have a mesenchyme core, ectoderm covering (pharyngeal arch), endoderm inner side (pharyngeal cleft)

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4
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5

1 –> 6, but 5 regresses in humans

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5
Q

What is the largest pharyngeal arch?

A

1st

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6
Q

What is the smallest pharyngeal arch?

A

6th

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7
Q

Which section of the neural tube forms the brain?

A

The anterior end

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8
Q

What are 3 stages of neural tube making the brain?

A

Prosencephalon –> Forebrain
Mesencephalon –> Midbrain
Rhambencephalon –> Hindbrain

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9
Q

How many cranial nerves develop?

A

12

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves are derived from the mid/hind brain?

A

All except for nerve I & II

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the pharyngeal arches and the derivatives of them?

A

V, VII, IX, X

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12
Q

What nerve does CN XI become?

A

Cranial accessory nerve

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13
Q

What nerve does CN XII become?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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14
Q

What is the facial skeleton derived from?

A

Frontonasal prominence and 1st pharyngeal arch

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15
Q

What are the muscles of mastication derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arch I

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16
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arch II

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17
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch become?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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18
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal arch become?

A

Cricothyroid
Levator palantini
Pharynx constrictors

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19
Q

What does the 6th pharyngeal arch become?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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20
Q

What is the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch?

A

CN V

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21
Q

What does CN V become?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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22
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory nerve of the head, skin of the face and lining of the mouth & nose
Motor nerve of the muscles of mastication and muscles derived from the mandibular process

23
Q

What is the nerve of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN VII

24
Q

What does CN VII become?

A

Facial nerve

25
Q

What is the function of the Facial nerve?

A

Sensory of taste buds in the anterior 2/3rd of tongue

Motor of muscles facial expression and those derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch

26
Q

What does the Facial nerve pass through?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Parotid gland

27
Q

What is the nerve of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

CN IX

28
Q

What does CN IX become?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

29
Q

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle

General & specific sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

30
Q

What is the nerve of the 4th & 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

CN X

31
Q

What does CN X become?

A

Vagus nerve

32
Q

What is the branch of the Vagus nerve for the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

33
Q

What is the function of the Superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Innervates the Cricothyroid which constricts the pharynx

34
Q

What is the branch of the Vagus nerve for the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

35
Q

What is the function of the Recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

36
Q

What is unique about the Recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

It wraps around the arch of the Aorta

37
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch develop?

A

A neural crest derived cartilage bar (Contributes to basic skeletal parts)

38
Q

What does the 1st cartilage bar do? (Meckel’s cartilage)

A

Divides into Maxillary and Mandibular prominences

39
Q

What does the Mandicular prominence of the 1st cartilage bar do?

A

Provides a template for the mandible which forms via membranous ossification leaving outline for the bone to form (Cartilage doesn’t go to bone)

40
Q

What does the 2nd cartilage bar do? (Reichert’s cartilage)

A

Contributes to middle ear development (Stapes)

Contributes to styloid process, Hyoid bone (remainder from 3rd arch)

41
Q

What does the 4th & 6th arch mesenchyme become?

A

The pharyngeal floor (Aortic sac lies in floor of pharynx)

Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid (Derived from their cartilage bar)

42
Q

What does the 1st & 2nd Aortic arch become?

A

They regress

43
Q

What does the 3rd Aortic arch become?

A

Internal carotid artery

44
Q

What does the 4th Aortic arch become?

A 
Arch of the Aorta (Left)
Brachiocephalic artery (Right)
45
Q

What does the 6th Aortic arch become?

A

Pulmonary arch

46
Q

What do the pharyngeal pouches mainly become?

A

Glandular tissue

47
Q

How is the Parathyroid gland formed?

A

From the dorsal portion of the 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches

48
Q

How is the Thymus gland formed?

A

From the ventral portion of the 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches

It is formed as 2 lobes that join in the middle

49
Q

Which pharyngeal pouch forms the middle ear?

A

1st
Ossicles = cartiage bar derivative
Tympanic cavity & auditory tube = pouch derivative

50
Q

What can cause a middle ear infection in children?

A

Pharynx infection

51
Q

What happens to the pharyngeal clefts?

A

The 2nd grows down and covers all leaving only the 1st remaining

52
Q

What can occur if the cervical sinus is not obliterated by the 2nd cleft?

A

Cysts/Fistulae can occur anywhere along the anterior border of the SCM

53
Q

What is a difference between a cyst and fistulae?

A

A fistulae is a cyst with an opening to the surface

54
Q

Which pouch has lymphoid precursors occupying it?

A

2nd

Makes tonsils

Head & Neck (9 decks)

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