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Head & Neck > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bones meet at the Pterion?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoidal
Temporal

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2
Q

What is clinically important about the Pterion?

A

It is the weak point of the skull so is more likely to fracture in trauma
Location of a branch of the middle meningeal artery which can bleed profusely

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3
Q

Which are the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3->C6

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4
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1, C2, & C7

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5
Q

What are some of the properties of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Bifid spinous process
Vertebral/Transverse foramen for vertebral artery
Large middle foramen for the many nerves exciting the brain

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6
Q

What are the properties of C1? (Atlas)

A

No body
No spinous process
Does the movement of yes

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7
Q

What are the properties of C2? (Axis)

A

Bifid spinous process
Has adeontoid peg (Dens)
Does the movement of no

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8
Q

Is there an intervertebral disc between C1 & C2?

A

No

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9
Q

What prevents the dislocation of the dens into the spinal cord?

A

The posterior spinal ligament becomes the cruciform ligament in this area. This gives major reinforcement over the dens process.

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10
Q

What are the properties of C7?

A

Prominent spinous process that is NOT bifid

Large transverse process

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11
Q

What is a Burst (Jefferson) fracture?

A

Usually happens to C1

The patient falls on their head from a height resulting in the vertebrae breaking

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12
Q

What is a Hangman’s fracture?

A

The Atlas is snapped so the dens pushes into the spinal cord resulting in death..
It is caused by hyperextension of the head on the neck

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13
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

8 cranial nerves (First one exits above C1)

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14
Q

What is the only movable joint of the skull?

A

The Temporo-mandibular joint (Bilateral movement)

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15
Q

What are most of the joints of the skull?

A

Symphises/sutures (Fibrous joints)

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16
Q

What bones usually house the brain?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
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17
Q

What is the major opening in the skull?

A

The foramen magnum which is on the inferior of the skull

18
Q

What increases the strength of the sutures of the skull?

A

The bones have serrated edges so they can interlock firmly. This makes them stronger and less likely to be unlocked by forced applied in one direction

19
Q

What is the structure of the bones making the skull?

A

Tri-lamina bony structure (2 plates of compact bone with 1 middle layer of spongy bone called Diploe)

20
Q

Which bones of the skull are thickest?

A

Occipital
Frontal
Due to many muscles attaching here

21
Q

Which bones are the skull are thinnest?

A

Pterion

Lots of muscles here

22
Q

What are some of the cavities of the skull?

A 
The orbit
Auditory canal
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
23
Q

What makes the Mandible?

A

The left and right mandible are joined at the midline by a fibrous joint called the mental symphises

24
Q

What is the Calvaria?

A

Houses the brain

Made of cap and base

25
Q

What bones make the cap of the Calvaria?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

26
Q

What is the Coronal suture?

A

In the anterior part of the skull. Between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull

27
Q

What is the Bregma?

A

Where the Coronal suture meets the Longitudinal suture

28
Q

What is the Lambdoid suture?

A

In the posterior part of the skull. Between the Parietal and Occipital bones of the skull

29
Q

What is the Lambda?

A

Where the Lambdoid suture meets the Longitudinal suture

30
Q

What is at the posterior of the cap?

A

A foramina for the emissary veins

31
Q

What bones make the Cranial floor?

A 
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Palatine plate
32
Q

How many fossa are there in the cranial floor?

A

3

33
Q

What is the purpose of cranial floor fossas?

A

Make the skull lighter
Allow things to pass in and out of the skull
However, can fracture when there is an increase in energy input

34
Q

What enters the cranial cavity?

A

Sensory nerves
Arterial supply to brain and meninges
Sympathetic fibres from the spinal cord
Venous blood (Route for infection)

35
Q

How is the frontal bone formed?

A

The left and right frontal bones fuse

36
Q

How can a fracture of the Ethmoid bone lead to a loss of smell?

A

The Olfactory nerves pass through it so can be damaged when there is a frature

37
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the Ethmoid sinuses?

A

Bulla - Bigger buldges

Air cells

38
Q

What is the strongest bone in the body?

A

The Temporal bone

39
Q

What are the 6 parts of the Temporal bone?

A 
Squamous
Mastoid
Tympanic
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
Petroud part (Seen when looking at inside)
40
Q

What is a Fontanelle?

A

Soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of an infant. In position of the Bregma and Lambda in adults

41
Q

What is the importance of Fontanelles?

A

Close during vaginal birth due to pressure - protects the brain
Allow the brain to grow quickly without restriction

42
Q

How can premature vaginal births lead to brain damage?

A

The Fontanelles may not have formed properly leading to the incomplete closure during vaginal birth and therefore brain damage

Head & Neck (9 decks)

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