Sensory, Topnotch Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristic of sensory receptors: Specific sensation, specific receptor
A
Differential sensitivity
2
Q
Characteristic of sensory receptors: Specific sensation, specific pathway
A
Labeled line principle
3
Q
Characteristic of sensory receptors: Change in a way receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation
A
Adaptation
4
Q
Receptor for continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus)
A
Slowly-adapting receptor
5
Q
Slowly-adapting receptor is aka
A
Tonic receptor
6
Q
Receptor for detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus)
A
Rapidly-adapting receptor
7
Q
Rapidly-adapting receptor is aka
A
Phasic receptor
8
Q
Tonic vs phasic receptor: Has a predictive function
A
Phasic
9
Q
Slowly-adapting receptor examples (5)
A
1) Golgi tendon
2) Muscle spindle
3) Slow pain receptor
4) Baroreceptor
5) Chemoreceptor
10
Q
Rapidly-adapting receptor example
A
Pacinian corpuscle
11
Q
Regions of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons
A
Receptive field
12
Q
Type of receptive field: Smaller with well-defined border
A
Type 1
13
Q
Type of receptive field: Wider with poorly-defined border
A
Type 2
14
Q
Tactile receptor: Found in the skin
A
Free nerve endings
15
Q
Tactile receptor: Non-hairy skin especially the lips and fingertips
A
Meissner’s corpuscles (FA1)
16
Q
Tactile receptor: Expanded tip tactile receptor that combine to form Iggo Dome Receptors
A
Merkel Discs (SA1)
17
Q
Tactile receptor: Found in hair base
A
Hair end organs
18
Q
Tactile receptor: Found in deep skin, internal tissues, and joint capsules
A
Ruffini end organs (SA2)
19
Q
Tactile receptor: Onion-like structure in skin and deep fascia
A
Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)
20
Q
Tactile receptor: Multi-branched and encapsulated
A
Ruffini end organs
21
Q
Tactile receptor: Touch and pressure
A
Free nerve endings
22
Q
Tactile receptor: Movement of objects and low frequency vibration
A
Meissner corpuscles
23
Q
Tactile receptor: Continuous touch
A
Merkel discs
24
Q
Tactile receptor: Movement of object on skin
A
Hair end organs
25
Tactile receptor: Pressure
Ruffini end organs
26
Tactile receptor: Localizing touch
Merkel discs
27
Tactile receptor: Degree of joint rotation
Ruffini end organs
28
Tactile receptor: High-frequency vibration
Pacinian corpuscles
29
Tactile receptor: Determine texture
Merkel discs
30
Tactile receptor: 2-point tactile discrimination
Meissner corpuscles
31
Tactile receptor: Stretch
Ruffini
32
Cell body of first order neurons are found in
Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia
33
Cell body of second order neurons are found in
Spinal cord or brainstem
34
Cell body of third order neurons are found in
Thalamus
35
Cell body of fourth order neurons are found in
Sensory cortex
36
2 somatosensory pathways
1) Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
| 2) Anterolateral/spinothalamic tract
37
Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Fibers
Large myelinated
38
Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Conduction velocity
30-110 m/s
39
Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Temporal and spatial fidelity
Present
40
Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Decussation
Near medulla
41
Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Sensations
Those requiring high degree of localisation and fine gradation of intensity
42
Anterolateral system: Fibers
Smaller myelinated
43
Anterolateral system: Conduction velocity
8-40 m/s
44
Anterolateral system: Fidelity and accuracy
Less
45
Anterolateral system: Decussation
Immediately
46
Anterolateral system: Sensations
1) Pain
2) Temp
3) Tickle and itch
4) Sexual
47
Relay station for sensation
Thalamus
48
Thalamic nucleus of dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
VPL
49
Thalamic nucleus of trigeminothalamic pathway
VPM
50
Thalamic nucleus of anterolateral system
VPI
51
Largest areas in the homunculus (3)
1) Face
2) Hands
3) Fingers
52
T/F Pain receptors have little or no adaptation
T
53
Fast pain is felt after how many seconds of stimulus
0.1
54
Slow pain is felt after how many seconds of stimulus
1
55
Referred pain is due to sharing of
2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of VISCERAL and DERMATOMAL pain fibers
56
Endogenous analgesia system inhibits pain at what level
Spinal cord
57
2 systems of endogenous analgesia
1) Opiod-mediated (BED-beta endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins)
2) Non-opiod mediated (stress)
58
Temperature gradations
Freesing cold > cold > cool > indifferent > warm > hot > burning hot
59
Warmth receptors
Free nerve endings
60
Cold receptors
A delta
61
Pain receptors are stimulated at what temp
Less than 15 degrees or > 43C
62
Pain receptors adapt only between what temp
20-40C
63
Visual system detects and interprets electromagnetic waves between
400-750nm
64
Eye: Outer layer (3)
1) Conjunctiva
2) Cornea
3) Sclera
65
Eye: Middle layer (2)
1) Iris
| 2) Choroid
66
Eye: Inner layer
Retina
67
5 layers of the cornea
ABCDE
1) Anterior epithelium
2) Basement membrane or anterior-limiting membrane
3) Corneal stroma (thickest)
4) Descemet membrane or posterior-limiting membrane
5) Endothelium
68
Cornea: Anterior epithelium, lining
Stratified squamous non-keratinizing
69
Main refractive medium of the eye
Cornea
70
Sclera covers posterior ___ of globe
5/6
71
2 muscles of iris
1) Sphincter pupillae (miosis via M)
| 2) Dilator pupillae (mydriasis via a1)
72
Photoreceptor for color
CCC
Cones
Color
Center of retina
73
Photoreceptor for dim light
Rods at the periphery of retina
74
Ability to bend light
Refractive power
75
Measure of refractive power
Diopters
76
T/F Lens has a constant refractive power determined by zonula fibers
F, variable
77
Relaxed ciliary muscles: Tension from suspensory muscles
Increased
78
Relaxed ciliary muscles: Shape of lens
Flat
79
Contracted ciliary muscles: Tension from suspensory muscles
Decreased
80
Contracted ciliary muscles: Shape of lens
Spherical
81
Shape of lens for distant vision
Flat
82
Shape of lens for near vision
Spherical
83
Snellen fraction
Testing distance (6 ft or 20m) / Smallest line patient can read on the chart
84
Legal blindness
20/200 or less than 10 degrees of visual field in better eye
85
20/20 vision is achieved at what age
2-4 y/o
86
Layers of tear film
1) Lipid
2) Aqueous (most abundant)
3) Mucin
87
Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens to permit retinal focus at varying distances
Accommodation
88
Accommodation provides an additional ___ diopters
14
89
Maintains shape of eye
Intraocular fluid
90
3 chambers of the eye
1) Anterior
2) Posterior
3) Vitreous space
91
Anterior chamber of the eye is ___ mm deep
3-4
92
Rate of aqueous humor production
0.25 mL every 10 hours
93
Aqueous humor: Produced by
Ciliary body
94
Aqueous humor: Exits into
Canal of Schlemm
95
Main determinant of IOP
Aqueous humor
96
Normal IOP
8-21 mmHg
97
Gold standard for measurement of IOP
Applanation/Goldmann tonometry
98
Composition of vitreous humour (4)
1) Water (99%)
2) Collagen
3) Hyaluronic acid
4) Soluble protein
99
Amount of vitreous humor
4mL
100
Aqueous humor flow
1) Ciliary body
2) Posterior chamber
3) Pupil
4) Anterior chamber
5) Trabecular meshwork
6) Anterior chamber angle
7) Canal of Schlemm
8) Uveoscleral veins
101
Effect of light on photoreceptors
Hyperpolarization
102
Point of sharpest vision
Macula lutea
103
Area of central vision
Macula lutea
104
Location of macula lutea
2 disc diameters TEMPORAL to the optic disk
105
Yellow spot in the retina
Fovea centralis
106
Depression in the macula
Fovea centralis
107
Area of highest visual resolution
Fovea centralis
108
Area of the retina with highest cone density
Fovea centralis
109
Anatomic blind spot
Optic disc
110
Protrusion of optic disc into the vitreous space due to increased ICP
Papilledema
111
Macular degeneration refers to deterioration of which layer of the retina
Pigment epithelium
112
In albinism, which part of the retina lacks melanin
Pigment epithelium
113
Area in the retina where rods and cones are absent
Optic disc
114
Normal cup/disc ratio
0.3
115
Normal arrangement of retinal vessels in the optic disc
Artery nasal to vein
116
Normal artery:vein diameter ratio
2:3
117
Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
118
Known as contrast detectors of the eye
Bipolar cells
119
Retinal glial cell
Mueller cell
120
Cells that maintains internal geometry of the retina
Mueller cells
121
Output cell of the retina: Color
P cells
122
Output cell of the retina: Illumination
IlluMination: M cells
123
Output cell of the retina: Unknown function
eWan: W cells
124
Output cell of the retina: Form
Porm: P cells
125
Output cell of the retina: Fine details
Pine details: P cells
126
Output cell of the retina: Movement
Movement: M cells
127
Cells whose axons form the optic nerve
Mueller cells
128
Rods vs Cones: Contains 1 type of photopigment
Rods
129
Rods vs Cones: Contains 3 types of photopigment
Cones
130
Rods vs Cones: Greater amount of photopigment
Rods
131
Rods vs Cones: More sensitive
Rods
132
Rods vs Cones: Adapts more rapidly
Cones
133
Rods vs Cones: Higher visual acuity
Cones
134
Rods vs Cones: Not present in fovea
Rods
135
Condition in which light rays converge in front of the retina
LMN
| Long eyeball, myopia, near-sighted
136
Condition in which light rays converge behind the retina
Short eyeball, hyperopia, far-sighted
137
Condition in which light rays converge at the retina
Emmetropia
138
Condition brought about by irregular curvature of the cornea
Astigmatism
139
Age-related loss of accommodation
Presbyopia
140
First sign of vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalopia (night blindness)
141
Corrective lenses: Myopia
Concave or negative
142
Corrective lenses: Hyperopia
Convex or positive
143
Corrective lenses: Presbyopia
Bifocals
144
Corrective lenses: Astigmatism
Cylindrical
145
Speed of sound waves in air
335 m/sec
146
Sound waves: Frequency is measured in
Hertz
147
Sound waves: Pressure is measured in
Decibels
148
Sound waves: Frequency that human ears can detect
20-20000 cycles per sec
149
Low frequency vs high frequency: More damaging to the organ of Corti
Low
150
Age-related bilateral symmetrical progressive sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycussis
151
Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years of exposure to what dB
85 dB
152
Sound pressure that will cause pain and possible permanent damage
120 dB
153
Fluid in the scala media
Endolymph, high in potassium (PISO: Potassium, endo)
154
Fluid in the scala vestibuli
Perilymph, high in sodium (PISO: Sodium, peri)
155
Function of the pinna
Collect sound
156
2 muscles found in the middle ear
1) Stapedius
| 2) Tensor tympani
157
Smallest muscle in the body
Stapedius
158
Related bone: Stapedius
Stapes
159
Related bone: Tensor tympani
Malleus
160
CN: Stapedius
VII
161
CN: Tensor tympani
V3
162
Connection between outer and middle ear
Tympanic membrane
163
Function of middle ear
Impedance matching
164
Function of attenuation reflex/acoustic reflex (2)
1) Protects cochlea from loud/damaging sounds
| 2) Masks background noise
165
Function of basilar membrane
Frequency analyzer
166
2 components of the vestibular apparatus
1) Otolith organs
| 2) Semicircular canals
167
Otolith organs (2)
1) Utricle
| 2) Saccule
168
Semicircular canals (3)
1) Anterior
2) Posterior
3) Lateral
169
Otolith organs: Sensory organ
Macule (stataconia and hair cells)
170
Otolith organs: Detects changes in
Head orientation with respect to gravity
171
Otolith organs: For what movements
1) Linear acceleration
| 2) Angular acceleration (sometimes)
172
Semicircular canals: Sensory organ
Crista ampullaris
173
Semicircular canals: Detects changes in
Rate and direction of head
174
Semicircular canals: For what movements (2)
1) Angular acceleration
| 2) Predictive in maintenance of equilibrium
175
of taste receptor cells
50-150
176
Taste receptor cells are replaced every
10 days
177
T/F Taste receptors are true neurons
F
178
Location of taste buds
1) Fungiform papillae (anterior)
2) Foliate papillae (lateral)
3) Circumvallate papillae (base)
179
Taste: Caused by various organic chemicals
Sweet
180
Taste: Caused by ionized salts, mainly Na
Salty
181
Taste: Caused by acids
Sour
182
Taste: Caused by MSG (proteinaceous meaty flavor)
Umami
183
Taste: Caused by organic substances
Bitter
184
Taste: More sensitive than other tastes
Bitter
185
of olfactory receptors
60M
186
Olfactory receptor cells are replaced every
60 days
187
T/F Olfactory receptors are true neurons
T
188
Fibers for olfaction
Unmyelinated C fibers
189
Only sense that does not have a relay station in the thalamus
Olfactory
190
Located at the superior part of the nostril, innervated by CN V that detects noxious/painful stimuli
Olfactory membrane
