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Physiology > Sensory, Topnotch > Flashcards

Sensory, Topnotch Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors: Specific sensation, specific receptor

A

Differential sensitivity

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2
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors: Specific sensation, specific pathway

A

Labeled line principle

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3
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors: Change in a way receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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4
Q

Receptor for continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus)

A

Slowly-adapting receptor

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5
Q

Slowly-adapting receptor is aka

A

Tonic receptor

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6
Q

Receptor for detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus)

A

Rapidly-adapting receptor

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7
Q

Rapidly-adapting receptor is aka

A

Phasic receptor

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8
Q

Tonic vs phasic receptor: Has a predictive function

A

Phasic

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9
Q

Slowly-adapting receptor examples (5)

A

1) Golgi tendon
2) Muscle spindle
3) Slow pain receptor
4) Baroreceptor
5) Chemoreceptor

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10
Q

Rapidly-adapting receptor example

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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11
Q

Regions of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons

A

Receptive field

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12
Q

Type of receptive field: Smaller with well-defined border

A

Type 1

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13
Q

Type of receptive field: Wider with poorly-defined border

A

Type 2

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14
Q

Tactile receptor: Found in the skin

A

Free nerve endings

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15
Q

Tactile receptor: Non-hairy skin especially the lips and fingertips

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (FA1)

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16
Q

Tactile receptor: Expanded tip tactile receptor that combine to form Iggo Dome Receptors

A

Merkel Discs (SA1)

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17
Q

Tactile receptor: Found in hair base

A

Hair end organs

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18
Q

Tactile receptor: Found in deep skin, internal tissues, and joint capsules

A

Ruffini end organs (SA2)

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19
Q

Tactile receptor: Onion-like structure in skin and deep fascia

A

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

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20
Q

Tactile receptor: Multi-branched and encapsulated

A

Ruffini end organs

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21
Q

Tactile receptor: Touch and pressure

A

Free nerve endings

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22
Q

Tactile receptor: Movement of objects and low frequency vibration

A

Meissner corpuscles

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23
Q

Tactile receptor: Continuous touch

A

Merkel discs

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24
Q

Tactile receptor: Movement of object on skin

A

Hair end organs

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25
Q

Tactile receptor: Pressure

A

Ruffini end organs

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26
Q

Tactile receptor: Localizing touch

A

Merkel discs

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27
Q

Tactile receptor: Degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini end organs

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28
Q

Tactile receptor: High-frequency vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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29
Q

Tactile receptor: Determine texture

A

Merkel discs

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30
Q

Tactile receptor: 2-point tactile discrimination

A

Meissner corpuscles

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31
Q

Tactile receptor: Stretch

A

Ruffini

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32
Q

Cell body of first order neurons are found in

A

Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

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33
Q

Cell body of second order neurons are found in

A

Spinal cord or brainstem

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34
Q

Cell body of third order neurons are found in

A

Thalamus

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35
Q

Cell body of fourth order neurons are found in

A

Sensory cortex

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36
Q

2 somatosensory pathways

A

1) Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

2) Anterolateral/spinothalamic tract

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37
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Fibers

A

Large myelinated

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38
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Conduction velocity

A

30-110 m/s

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39
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Temporal and spatial fidelity

A

Present

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40
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Decussation

A

Near medulla

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41
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus: Sensations

A

Those requiring high degree of localisation and fine gradation of intensity

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42
Q

Anterolateral system: Fibers

A

Smaller myelinated

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43
Q

Anterolateral system: Conduction velocity

A

8-40 m/s

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44
Q

Anterolateral system: Fidelity and accuracy

A

Less

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45
Q

Anterolateral system: Decussation

A

Immediately

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46
Q

Anterolateral system: Sensations

A

1) Pain
2) Temp
3) Tickle and itch
4) Sexual

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47
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

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48
Q

Thalamic nucleus of dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

VPL

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49
Q

Thalamic nucleus of trigeminothalamic pathway

A

VPM

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50
Q

Thalamic nucleus of anterolateral system

A

VPI

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51
Q

Largest areas in the homunculus (3)

A

1) Face
2) Hands
3) Fingers

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52
Q

T/F Pain receptors have little or no adaptation

A

T

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53
Q

Fast pain is felt after how many seconds of stimulus

A

0.1

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54
Q

Slow pain is felt after how many seconds of stimulus

A

1

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55
Q

Referred pain is due to sharing of

A

2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of VISCERAL and DERMATOMAL pain fibers

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56
Q

Endogenous analgesia system inhibits pain at what level

A

Spinal cord

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57
Q

2 systems of endogenous analgesia

A

1) Opiod-mediated (BED-beta endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins)
2) Non-opiod mediated (stress)

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58
Q

Temperature gradations

A

Freesing cold > cold > cool > indifferent > warm > hot > burning hot

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59
Q

Warmth receptors

A

Free nerve endings

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60
Q

Cold receptors

A

A delta

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61
Q

Pain receptors are stimulated at what temp

A

Less than 15 degrees or > 43C

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62
Q

Pain receptors adapt only between what temp

A

20-40C

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63
Q

Visual system detects and interprets electromagnetic waves between

A

400-750nm

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64
Q

Eye: Outer layer (3)

A

1) Conjunctiva
2) Cornea
3) Sclera

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65
Q

Eye: Middle layer (2)

A

1) Iris

2) Choroid

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66
Q

Eye: Inner layer

A

Retina

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67
Q

5 layers of the cornea

A

ABCDE

1) Anterior epithelium
2) Basement membrane or anterior-limiting membrane
3) Corneal stroma (thickest)
4) Descemet membrane or posterior-limiting membrane
5) Endothelium

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68
Q

Cornea: Anterior epithelium, lining

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinizing

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69
Q

Main refractive medium of the eye

A

Cornea

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70
Q

Sclera covers posterior ___ of globe

A

5/6

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71
Q

2 muscles of iris

A

1) Sphincter pupillae (miosis via M)

2) Dilator pupillae (mydriasis via a1)

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72
Q

Photoreceptor for color

A

CCC
Cones
Color
Center of retina

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73
Q

Photoreceptor for dim light

A

Rods at the periphery of retina

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74
Q

Ability to bend light

A

Refractive power

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75
Q

Measure of refractive power

A

Diopters

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76
Q

T/F Lens has a constant refractive power determined by zonula fibers

A

F, variable

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77
Q

Relaxed ciliary muscles: Tension from suspensory muscles

A

Increased

78
Q

Relaxed ciliary muscles: Shape of lens

A

Flat

79
Q

Contracted ciliary muscles: Tension from suspensory muscles

A

Decreased

80
Q

Contracted ciliary muscles: Shape of lens

A

Spherical

81
Q

Shape of lens for distant vision

A

Flat

82
Q

Shape of lens for near vision

A

Spherical

83
Q

Snellen fraction

A

Testing distance (6 ft or 20m) / Smallest line patient can read on the chart

84
Q

Legal blindness

A

20/200 or less than 10 degrees of visual field in better eye

85
Q

20/20 vision is achieved at what age

A

2-4 y/o

86
Q

Layers of tear film

A

1) Lipid
2) Aqueous (most abundant)
3) Mucin

87
Q

Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens to permit retinal focus at varying distances

A

Accommodation

88
Q

Accommodation provides an additional ___ diopters

A

14

89
Q

Maintains shape of eye

A

Intraocular fluid

90
Q

3 chambers of the eye

A

1) Anterior
2) Posterior
3) Vitreous space

91
Q

Anterior chamber of the eye is ___ mm deep

A

3-4

92
Q

Rate of aqueous humor production

A

0.25 mL every 10 hours

93
Q

Aqueous humor: Produced by

A

Ciliary body

94
Q

Aqueous humor: Exits into

A

Canal of Schlemm

95
Q

Main determinant of IOP

A

Aqueous humor

96
Q

Normal IOP

A

8-21 mmHg

97
Q

Gold standard for measurement of IOP

A

Applanation/Goldmann tonometry

98
Q

Composition of vitreous humour (4)

A

1) Water (99%)
2) Collagen
3) Hyaluronic acid
4) Soluble protein

99
Q

Amount of vitreous humor

A

4mL

100
Q

Aqueous humor flow

A

1) Ciliary body
2) Posterior chamber
3) Pupil
4) Anterior chamber
5) Trabecular meshwork
6) Anterior chamber angle
7) Canal of Schlemm
8) Uveoscleral veins

101
Q

Effect of light on photoreceptors

A

Hyperpolarization

102
Q

Point of sharpest vision

A

Macula lutea

103
Q

Area of central vision

A

Macula lutea

104
Q

Location of macula lutea

A

2 disc diameters TEMPORAL to the optic disk

105
Q

Yellow spot in the retina

A

Fovea centralis

106
Q

Depression in the macula

A

Fovea centralis

107
Q

Area of highest visual resolution

A

Fovea centralis

108
Q

Area of the retina with highest cone density

A

Fovea centralis

109
Q

Anatomic blind spot

A

Optic disc

110
Q

Protrusion of optic disc into the vitreous space due to increased ICP

A

Papilledema

111
Q

Macular degeneration refers to deterioration of which layer of the retina

A

Pigment epithelium

112
Q

In albinism, which part of the retina lacks melanin

A

Pigment epithelium

113
Q

Area in the retina where rods and cones are absent

A

Optic disc

114
Q

Normal cup/disc ratio

A

0.3

115
Q

Normal arrangement of retinal vessels in the optic disc

A

Artery nasal to vein

116
Q

Normal artery:vein diameter ratio

A

2:3

117
Q

Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

118
Q

Known as contrast detectors of the eye

A

Bipolar cells

119
Q

Retinal glial cell

A

Mueller cell

120
Q

Cells that maintains internal geometry of the retina

A

Mueller cells

121
Q

Output cell of the retina: Color

A

P cells

122
Q

Output cell of the retina: Illumination

A

IlluMination: M cells

123
Q

Output cell of the retina: Unknown function

A

eWan: W cells

124
Q

Output cell of the retina: Form

A

Porm: P cells

125
Q

Output cell of the retina: Fine details

A

Pine details: P cells

126
Q

Output cell of the retina: Movement

A

Movement: M cells

127
Q

Cells whose axons form the optic nerve

A

Mueller cells

128
Q

Rods vs Cones: Contains 1 type of photopigment

A

Rods

129
Q

Rods vs Cones: Contains 3 types of photopigment

A

Cones

130
Q

Rods vs Cones: Greater amount of photopigment

A

Rods

131
Q

Rods vs Cones: More sensitive

A

Rods

132
Q

Rods vs Cones: Adapts more rapidly

A

Cones

133
Q

Rods vs Cones: Higher visual acuity

A

Cones

134
Q

Rods vs Cones: Not present in fovea

A

Rods

135
Q

Condition in which light rays converge in front of the retina

A

LMN

Long eyeball, myopia, near-sighted

136
Q

Condition in which light rays converge behind the retina

A

Short eyeball, hyperopia, far-sighted

137
Q

Condition in which light rays converge at the retina

A

Emmetropia

138
Q

Condition brought about by irregular curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism

139
Q

Age-related loss of accommodation

A

Presbyopia

140
Q

First sign of vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia (night blindness)

141
Q

Corrective lenses: Myopia

A

Concave or negative

142
Q

Corrective lenses: Hyperopia

A

Convex or positive

143
Q

Corrective lenses: Presbyopia

A

Bifocals

144
Q

Corrective lenses: Astigmatism

A

Cylindrical

145
Q

Speed of sound waves in air

A

335 m/sec

146
Q

Sound waves: Frequency is measured in

A

Hertz

147
Q

Sound waves: Pressure is measured in

A

Decibels

148
Q

Sound waves: Frequency that human ears can detect

A

20-20000 cycles per sec

149
Q

Low frequency vs high frequency: More damaging to the organ of Corti

A

Low

150
Q

Age-related bilateral symmetrical progressive sensorineural hearing loss

A

Presbycussis

151
Q

Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years of exposure to what dB

A

85 dB

152
Q

Sound pressure that will cause pain and possible permanent damage

A

120 dB

153
Q

Fluid in the scala media

A

Endolymph, high in potassium (PISO: Potassium, endo)

154
Q

Fluid in the scala vestibuli

A

Perilymph, high in sodium (PISO: Sodium, peri)

155
Q

Function of the pinna

A

Collect sound

156
Q

2 muscles found in the middle ear

A

1) Stapedius

2) Tensor tympani

157
Q

Smallest muscle in the body

A

Stapedius

158
Q

Related bone: Stapedius

A

Stapes

159
Q

Related bone: Tensor tympani

A

Malleus

160
Q

CN: Stapedius

A

VII

161
Q

CN: Tensor tympani

A

V3

162
Q

Connection between outer and middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane

163
Q

Function of middle ear

A

Impedance matching

164
Q

Function of attenuation reflex/acoustic reflex (2)

A

1) Protects cochlea from loud/damaging sounds

2) Masks background noise

165
Q

Function of basilar membrane

A

Frequency analyzer

166
Q

2 components of the vestibular apparatus

A

1) Otolith organs

2) Semicircular canals

167
Q

Otolith organs (2)

A

1) Utricle

2) Saccule

168
Q

Semicircular canals (3)

A

1) Anterior
2) Posterior
3) Lateral

169
Q

Otolith organs: Sensory organ

A

Macule (stataconia and hair cells)

170
Q

Otolith organs: Detects changes in

A

Head orientation with respect to gravity

171
Q

Otolith organs: For what movements

A

1) Linear acceleration

2) Angular acceleration (sometimes)

172
Q

Semicircular canals: Sensory organ

A

Crista ampullaris

173
Q

Semicircular canals: Detects changes in

A

Rate and direction of head

174
Q

Semicircular canals: For what movements (2)

A

1) Angular acceleration

2) Predictive in maintenance of equilibrium

175
Q

of taste receptor cells

A

50-150

176
Q

Taste receptor cells are replaced every

A

10 days

177
Q

T/F Taste receptors are true neurons

A

F

178
Q

Location of taste buds

A

1) Fungiform papillae (anterior)
2) Foliate papillae (lateral)
3) Circumvallate papillae (base)

179
Q

Taste: Caused by various organic chemicals

A

Sweet

180
Q

Taste: Caused by ionized salts, mainly Na

A

Salty

181
Q

Taste: Caused by acids

A

Sour

182
Q

Taste: Caused by MSG (proteinaceous meaty flavor)

A

Umami

183
Q

Taste: Caused by organic substances

A

Bitter

184
Q

Taste: More sensitive than other tastes

A

Bitter

185
Q

of olfactory receptors

A

60M

186
Q

Olfactory receptor cells are replaced every

A

60 days

187
Q

T/F Olfactory receptors are true neurons

A

T

188
Q

Fibers for olfaction

A

Unmyelinated C fibers

189
Q

Only sense that does not have a relay station in the thalamus

A

Olfactory

190
Q

Located at the superior part of the nostril, innervated by CN V that detects noxious/painful stimuli

A

Olfactory membrane

Physiology (15 decks)

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