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Physiology > Neurophysiology, Topnotch > Flashcards

Neurophysiology, Topnotch Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

1) Regulate ECF ion levels
2) Mechanical support
3) Forms BBB

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2
Q

Creates myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

Creates myelin in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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4
Q

Brain tumors from immature neurons (2)

A

1) Neuroblastoma

2) Retinoblastoma

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5
Q

Where action potential in a neuron starts

A

Axon hillock

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6
Q

Branches of axons

A

Neural fibrils

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7
Q

Terminal portion of neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon buotons

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8
Q

Part of a synapse where there is a high density of mitochondria

A

Presynaptic terminal of a cholinergic neuron

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9
Q

Where K channels are highly concentrated

A

Paranodal axolemma and Schwann cell membrane

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10
Q

Death of axon distal to site of injury

A

Wallerian degeneration

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11
Q

CNS vs PNS: Where axonal regeneration occurs better

A

PNS

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12
Q

Sites of ACh secretion (5)

A

1) Nucleus basalis of Meynert in basal ganglia
2) Large pyramidal cells in motor cortex
3) All preganglionic neurons of ANS
4) Postganglionic PSY neurons and postganglionic SY of sweat glands
5) Skeletal muscles

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13
Q

ACh synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA + choline catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase

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14
Q

Main neurotransmitter in REM sleep

A

ACh

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15
Q

ACh degradation

A

Acetate + choline catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase whereby choline is recycled

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16
Q

ACh is deficient in what disease entity

A

1) Alzheimer’s disease

2) Huntington’s disease

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17
Q

Dopamine is deficient in what disease entity

A

1) Parkinson’s disease

2) Depression

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18
Q

Main sites of dopamine (2)

A

1) Substancia nigra pars compacta

2) VTA

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19
Q

Enzymes that degrade dopamine

A

1) MAO in presynaptic nerve terminals

2) COMT in tissues

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20
Q

What hormone is in excess in Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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21
Q

Sites of NE and Epinephrine secretion (4)

A

1) Locus ceruleus in pons
2) Brainstem
3) Hypothalamus
4) Postganglionic SY except sweat glands

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22
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

1) Tyrosine
2) L-dopa
3) Dopamine
4) NE
5) Epinephrine
6) Thyroxine
7) Melanin

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23
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

1) Melatonin
2) Serotonin
3) Niacin

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24
Q

Tyrosine –> L-dopa enzyme

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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25
Q

L-dopa –> Dopamine enzyme

A

Dopa decarboxylase

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26
Q

Dopamine –> NE

A

Dopamine b-hydroxylase

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27
Q

NE –> Epinephrine

A

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

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28
Q

Also known as the happy hormone

A

Serotonin

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29
Q

Main site of serotonin secretion

A

Median raphe of brain stem

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30
Q

Where serotonin is secreted to initiate sleep

A

Median raphe of brain stem

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31
Q

Where serotonin is secreted to inhibit pain pathways

A

Spinal cord

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32
Q

Degradation of serotonin

A

5-HIAA catalyzed by MAO + aldehyde dehydrogenase

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33
Q

Conversion of serotonin

A

Melatonin in pineal gland

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34
Q

NT responsible for long-term memory

A

NO

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35
Q

NO is synthesized from

A

Arginine

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36
Q

Stimulatory vs inhibitory: NO

A

Inhibitory

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37
Q

Difference of NO from other NTs

A

Not preformed and stored in vesicles

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38
Q

NT involved in ctrl of arousal, sleep, and circadian rhythm

A

Histamine

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39
Q

From which histamine is synthesized

A

Histidine

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40
Q

Histamine is secreted mainly in

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus of hypothalamus

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41
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal interneurons

A

Glycine

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42
Q

Ion INFLUX increased by Glycine

A

Cl-

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43
Q

From which GABA is synthesized

A

Glutamate

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44
Q

Ion INFLUX increased by GABA-A

A

Cl-

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45
Q

Ion EFFLUX increased by GABA-B

A

K+

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46
Q

NT involved in SLOW pain transmission

A

Substance P

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47
Q

RMP contributors (3)

A

1) Nernst potential for Na (+61) and K (-94) diffusion
2) Na-K leak channels or K-leak channels (100x more permeable to potassium
3) Na-K ATPase pump (-4mV)

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48
Q

Characteristics of an AP

A

1) Stereotypical size and shape
2) Propagating in a nondecremental manner
3) All-or-none

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49
Q

Threshold for AP

A

-30mV

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50
Q

Portion of AP where MP is less than RMP

A

Undershoot

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51
Q

Activation gate

A

M gate

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52
Q

Inactivation gate

A

H gate

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53
Q

Na channel gates at rest

A

Closed M gate, opened H gate

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54
Q

Na channel gates at upstroke

A

Opened M gate, opened H gate

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55
Q

Na channel gates at repolarization

A

closed H gate

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56
Q

Gates that contribute to repolarization (2)

A

1) Closed Na inactivation gate

2) Opened K gates causing K efflux

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57
Q

Responsible for undershoot

A

Prolonged opening of K gates

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58
Q

Configuration of Na channel gates during undershoot

A

Closed M gate, closed H gate

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59
Q

Ionic basis of ARP

A

No action potential can occur until the Na-inactivation gates open

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60
Q

Ionic basis for RRP

A

Membrane potential is closer to K equilibrium potential and farther from threshold

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61
Q

Happens when cell is depolarized so slowly that threshold potential is passed with firing an AP since critical number of open Na channels os not attained

A

Accomodation

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62
Q

Effect of hyperkalemia on cardiac muscle

A

Depolarization

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63
Q

Effect of hypokalemia on cardiac muscle

A

Hyperpolarization

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64
Q

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

IPSP

65
Q

Repeated stimulation –> Response greater than expected

A

Nerve facilitation

66
Q

Increased NT release and increased sensitivity to NT

A

Long-term potentiation

67
Q

Repeated stimulation –> decreased response

A

Synaptic fatigue

68
Q

Fibers in order of myelination (greatest to none)

A

A > B > C

69
Q

Fibers for proprioception

A

A alpha

70
Q

Fibers for touch and pressure

A

A beta

71
Q

Fibers that are motor to muscle spindles

A

A gamma

72
Q

Fibers for touch, fast pain, and cold

A

A delta

73
Q

Extrafusal nerve fibers

A

A alpha

74
Q

Preganglionic autonomic fiber type

A

B fibers

75
Q

Slow pain, temp, mechanoreception (smell)

A

C - dorsal root

76
Q

Postganglionic SY

A

C - sympathetic

77
Q

Sodium channel blocker of neurons

A

1) Tetradotoxin

2) Saxitoxin

78
Q

Potassium channel blocker of neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium

79
Q

Respiratory, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting centers

A

Medulla

80
Q

Micturitiom, pneumotaxic, and apneustic centers

A

Pons

81
Q

Relay center for almost all sensations except olfaction

A

Thalamus

82
Q

Motor, personality, calculation, judgement

A

Frontal

83
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal

84
Q

Hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces, Meyer’s loop (optic pathway)

A

Temporal

85
Q

Memory

A

Temporal

86
Q

Plans and creates motor pattern for speech

A

Broca’s area

87
Q

Brodmann’s areas of Broca’s area

A

1) 44 (pars opercularis)

2) 45 (pars triangularis)

88
Q

Location of Broca’s area (lobe)

A

Frontal

89
Q

Area for behavior, emotions, and motivation

A

Limbic association area

90
Q

Broca’s expressive aphasia is aka

A

Affluent aphasia

91
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

92
Q

Brodmann’s area of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

22

93
Q

Location of Wernicke’s area in brain

A

Superior temporal gyurs in the dominant hemisphere

94
Q

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory

A

Consolidation

95
Q

Lesion in this part of the brain will cause anterograde amnesia

A

Hippocampus

96
Q

Lesion in this part of the brain will cause retrograde amnesia

A

Thalamus

97
Q

Produce oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nuclei

98
Q

Produce vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nuceli

99
Q

Satiety center

A

Ventromedial nuclei

100
Q

Hunger center

A

Lateral nuclei

101
Q

Sweating/ heat release

A

Anterior hypothalamus

102
Q

Shivering/ heat conservation

A

Posterior hypothalamus

103
Q

Reward center

A

Medial forebrain bundle

104
Q

Punishment center

A

Central gray area

105
Q

Social inhibition

A

Amygdala

106
Q

Biologic clock

A

SCN

107
Q

Regulates SY activity that controls secretion of melatonin from pineal gland

A

Light signals from retina

108
Q

Order of sleep waves

A

BATS DB

1) beta
2) alpha
3) theta
4) sleep spindles and K complexes
5) delta
6) beta

109
Q

Waves during St1 sleep

A

Alpha interspersed with theta

110
Q

Waves during St2 sleep

A

Theta inerrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes

111
Q

Waves during St3

A

Delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles

112
Q

Waves during St4

A

Delta

113
Q

% REM in NB

A

50%

114
Q

BP that is autoregulated in brain

A

60-140 mmHg

115
Q

Substance that autoregulates cerebral blood flow

A

CO2

116
Q

Effect of CO2 on cerebral blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

117
Q

Gray matter vs white matter: More metabolic

A

Gray

118
Q

Organs whose blood flow is not affected much by ANS

A

1) Brain
2) Heart
3) Kidneys
4) Exercising skeletal muscle

119
Q

The brain is ___% of body weight

A

2

120
Q

Sources of energy of brain (2)

A

1) Glucose

2) Ketone bodies

121
Q

Order of abundance of ketone bodies

A

B-hydroxybutyrate > acetoacetate > acetone

122
Q

Amount of CSF in brain

A

150mL

123
Q

Amount of CSF produced per day

A

500mL

124
Q

Function of CSF

A

Cushioning

125
Q

CSF is produced in which parts of the brain (2)

A

1) Choroid plexus (70%)

2) Brain parenchyma (30%)

126
Q

CSF pathway

A

Lateral ventricles > foramen of monroe > third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct of sylvius > 4th ventricle > foramen of megendie and luschka > subarachnoid space > arachnoid granulations > dural venous sinus blood

127
Q

Cardiac output of major organs from greatest to least

A

Liver > Kidneys > Skeletal muscle > brain > skin

128
Q

Components of BBB

A

1) Endothelial cells
2) Astrocyte foot processes
3) Choroid plexus

129
Q

BBB exists in all areas except

A

1) Some areas of hypothalamus
2) Pineal gland
3) Area postrema
4) Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (osmotic sensing)
5) Neurohypophysis (ADH release)

130
Q

Location of cell body of preganglionic neuron in SY ANS

A

Thoracolumbar

131
Q

Location of cell body of preganglionic neuron in PSY ANS

A

Craniosacral

132
Q

Location of cell body of postganglionic neuron in SY ANS

A

Paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia

133
Q

Location of cell body of postganglionic neuron in PSY ANS

A

Walls of effector organs

134
Q

Second msgr of alpha1 adrenoreceptor

A

IP3

135
Q

Second msgr of alpha2, beta1, and beta2 adrenoreceptor

A

cAMP

136
Q

Mechanism of action of nicotinic cholinoreceptor

A

Opens Na and K channels for depolarization

137
Q

Mechanism of action of muscarinic cholinoreceptor

A

IP3 and cAMP

138
Q

ANS Receptor stimulatory to vascular smooth muscle

A

Alpha1

139
Q

ANS Receptor inhibitory to vascular smooth muscle

A

Beta2

140
Q

ANS Receptor stimulatory to the heart

A

Beta1

141
Q

ANS Receptor inhibitory to smooth muscles of bronchioles

A

Beta2

142
Q

ANS receptor stimulatory to smooth muscles of bronchioles

A

Muscarinic

143
Q

ANS Receptor stimulatory to GI sphincter and bladder sphincter

A

Alpha1

144
Q

ANS Receptor that is inhibitory to bladder wall (detrussor)

A

Beta2

145
Q

ANS receptor that mediates mydriasis by radial muscle contraction

A

Alpha1

146
Q

ANS receptor that mediates miosis by circular sphincter muscle contraction

A

Muscarinic

147
Q

Kidney function mediated by SY nervous system

A

Renin secretion by JG cells

148
Q

ANS Receptor for renin secretion

A

Beta1

149
Q

Downstream action of IP3

A

Mobilizes Ca ions from mitochondria and ER > smooth muscle contraction and cell secretion

150
Q

Downstream action of DAG

A

Activates PKC

151
Q

Second messenger from which arachidonic acid is derived for synthesis of protaglandins and other local hormones

A

DAG

152
Q

Lacrimal gland secretion receptor

A

Muscarinic

153
Q

SY vs PSY: Mucoid salivation

A

SY

154
Q

SY vs PSY: Watery salivation (parotid)

A

PSY

155
Q

SY vs PSY: Uterine contraction

A

SY

156
Q

SY vs PSY: Penile erection

A

PSY

157
Q

SY vs PSY: Penile ejaculation

A

SY

158
Q

Organs without PSY innervations

A

1) Ventricles
2) Gravid uterus
3) Blood vessels

Physiology (15 decks)

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