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Physiology > Endo, Topnotch > Flashcards

Endo, Topnotch Flashcards

1
Q

Etymology of “hormone”

A

Hormaein meaning to arouse

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2
Q

Hormone classes (3)

A

1) Steroid
2) Protein
3) Tyrosine derivatives

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3
Q

Hormones that induce production of new protein from DNA

A

Steroid

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4
Q

Hormones that modify existing proteins

A

Protein hormones

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5
Q

Tyrosine-derived hormones (4)

A

1) NE
2) Epinephrine
3) T3
4) T4

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6
Q

T/F Thyroid hormones are lipid-soluble

A

T

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7
Q

G protein subunits

A

α, β, γ

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8
Q

G protein-coupled receptors are activated by

A

GTP

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9
Q

GTP is activated by

A

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)

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10
Q

GTP is inhibited by (2)

A

1) GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs)

2) RGS proteins (regulator of G protein signaling)

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11
Q

G protein subunit bound to GDP

A

α

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12
Q

Sequence of events upon binding of hormone to extracellular portion of G protein-coupled receptor

A

1) GDP > GTP
2) α-subunit dissociates from trimeric complex to associate with other signaling proteins
3) Signaling process terminated with removal of bound hormone
4) α-subunit inactivates itself
5) GTP > GDP
6) α-subunit combines with β- and γ-subunit

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13
Q

Signaling proteins associated with α-subunit alter activity of (2nd messengers)

A

1) Ion channels
2) Adenylyl cyclase
3) Phospholipase C

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14
Q

Activity of adenylyl cyclase

A

ATP > cAMP > activation of protein kinase A > downstream phosphorylation

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15
Q

Activity of phospholipase C

A

PIP2 (membrane phospholipid) > IP3 + DAG

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16
Q

Activity of IP3

A

Mobilizes Ca from mitochondria and ER > smooth muscle contraction or cell secretion

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17
Q

Activity of DAG

A

Activates PKC > phosphorylation of downstream proteins

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18
Q

2nd messenger that is the precursor of PGs and other local hormones

A

DAG

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19
Q

2nd messenger associated with αs- and αi-subunit

A

Adenylyl cyclase > cAMP > PKA

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20
Q

Activities of cAMP

A

1) Activation of PKA

2) Directly regulate ion channels

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21
Q

Enzyme for degradation of cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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22
Q

αt-associated G protein is aka

A

Transducin

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23
Q

Activity of αt-subunit

A

Activates cGMP PDE > decreases cGMP > closes cGMP-dependent ion channels

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24
Q

α-subunit associated with phospholipase C

A

αq-subunit

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25
Q

Catalytic or enzyme-linked receptors (4)

A

1) Guanylyl cyclase
2) Serine/threonine kinase
3) Tyrosine kinase
4) Tyrosine-associated kinase

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26
Q

Downstream activity of receptor guanylyl cyclase

A

GTP > cGMP > protein kinase G > downstream phosphorylation

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27
Q

Ligands that bind to receptor guanylyl cyclase (2)

A

1) ANP
2) NO
3) EDRF

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28
Q

Receptor serine/threonine kinase: Subunit to which ligand binds

A

Type 1

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29
Q

Receptor serine/threonine kinase: Subunit that is phosphorylated with ligand binding

30
Q

Downstream activity of receptor serine/threonine kinase

A

Ligand binds to type 1 subunit > phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues on type 2 subunit > downstream activation of effectors

31
Q

Ligand that binds to receptor serine/threonine kinase

32
Q

Ligands that use receptor tyrosine kinase (5)

A

1) NGF
2) EGF
3) PDGF
4) IGF-1
5) Insulin
6) PRL

33
Q

No intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity but associate with proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity

A

Tyrosine-associated kinase receptor

34
Q

Receptor families associated with tyrosine-associated kinase receptor (2)

A

1) Src family

2) Janus family (JAK)

35
Q

Hormones that have tyrosine-associated kinase receptor, JAK

A

1) EPO

2) GH

36
Q

Hormone whose receptor has 2 beta chains attached together by sulphide bonds

37
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: ADH V2

38
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: ADH V1

39
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: ATII on epithelial cells

40
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: ATII on vascular smooth muscles

41
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Catecholamines beta1 and beta2

42
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: ACTH

43
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: LH, FSH, TSH

44
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Catecholamines alpha1

45
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: GnRH

46
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: HCG

47
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: MSH

48
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: CRH

49
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Calcitonin

50
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: TRH

51
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Calcitonin, PTH

52
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: GHRH

53
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Secretin

54
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Somatostatin

55
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Glucagon

56
Q

cAMP vs IP3/DAG: Oxytocin

57
Q

Steroid hormones

A

1) Aldosterone
2) Cortisol
3) Progesterone
4) Estrogen
5) Testosterone
6) Vitamin D
7) Thyroid hormone

58
Q

Unbound vs bound: Active form of steroid hormone

59
Q

Main site of inactivation of steroid hormones

60
Q

Mechanism for removal of steroid hormones

61
Q

2 categories of synergistic effects of hormones

A

1) Additive

2) Complementary

62
Q

Additive vs complementary: Epi and NE on the heart

63
Q

Additive vs complementary: FSH and testosterone on spermatogenesis

A

Complementary

64
Q

Synergistic vs permissive: Cortisol and epi & NE on blood vessels

A

Permissive

65
Q

Synergistic vs permissive: T3 and epi on lipolysis

A

Permissive

66
Q

Permissive vs antagonistic: Estrogen and prolactin on breasts during pregnancy

A

Antagonistic

67
Q

Negative vs positive feedback: More common

68
Q

Negative vs positive feedback: Exploding

69
Q

Long loops of negative feedback (players)

A

1) Hormone-anterior pituitary

2) Hormone-hypothalamus

70
Q

Short loop of negative feedback

A

Anterior pituitary-hypothalamus

71
Q

Positive feedback, examples (3)

A

1) Estrogen-induced LH and FSH surge
2) Oxytocin during labor
3) Oxytocin during lactation

72
Q

Examples of hormone down-regulation

A

1) Progesterone down regulates its own receptors and estrogen receptors on the uterus
2) T3 downregulates TRH receptors

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