Cell Physiology, Topnotch Flashcards by CM L

Tumor suppressor genes that inhibit G1 to S progression

1) Rb

2) p53

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Organelle for detoxification, lipid synthesis and conversion of lipid-soluble substances to water-soluble substances

SER

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Organelle responsible for synthesis of proteins for cell membrane and lysosomes, and proteins destined outside the cell

RER ribosome

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Organelle responsible for synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

Golgi apparatus

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Organelle responsible for degradation of membrane-associated proteins

Proteosome

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DNA charge

Negative

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Histone charge

Positive

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Basic amio acids found in histones

1) Arginine

2) Lysine

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Location of the ETC in the mitochondria

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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Part of the mitochondria where proton gradient is established

Intermembranous space

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Location of mDNA and biochemical pathways in mitochondria

Mitochondrial matrix

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Site for transcription and processing of rRNA

Nucleolus

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Biochemical pathways exclusive to the mitochondria

1) Krebs cycle
2) Beta-oxidation
3) Ketone body synthesis

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Biochemical pathways that take place in 2 sites (cytoplasm and mitochondria)

HUGs Take 2

1) Heme synthesis
2) Urea cycle
3) Gluconeogenesis

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Specialized RER in neuron

Nissl substance

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The only substance modified in the RER (the rest are modified in the Golgi)

Collagen

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Substance added to lysosome-bound proteins by the Golgi apparatus

MGP

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Origin of lysosome

Golgi apparatus

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Origin of pERoxisome

SER

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Type of cell filament seen in microvilli, zonula adherens, zonula occludens, and responsible for locomotion of macrophages

Microfilament

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Type of cell filament seen in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

Intermediate filament

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Cell filament that act as pathways for transport of substances

Microtubule

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Examples of structures governed by microtubules (5)

1) Cilia
2) Flagella
3) Centrioles
4) Mitotic spindle
5) Intracellular vesicles

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Microtubule missing in cilia and flagella of patients with Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

Dynein

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Triad of Kartagener syndrome

1) Situs inversus 2) Bronchiectasis 3) Chronic sinusitis

4 junctional complexes

1) Macula adherens 2) Zonula adherens 3) Zonula occludens 4) Gap junctions

Junctional complex also known as "desmome"

Macula adherens

Junctional complex also known as "fascia adherens"

Zonula adherens

Junctional complex also known as "tight junction"

Zonula occludens

Disk-shaped junctional complex

Macula adherens

Ring-shaped junctional complex that increases surface area for contact

Zonula adherens

Junctional complex in a reticular pattern and divides cells into apical and basolateral side

Zonula occludens

Intercalated disks in cardiac muscle is this type of junctional complex

Zonula adherens

Junctional complex for intercellular communication

Gap junction

The BBB is what type of junctional complex

Tight zonula occludens

Cardiac and unitary smooth muscle is what type of junctional complex

Gap junction

Functional unit of gap junction

Connexon

Major component of cell membrane

Proteins

Phospholipids on outer leaflet

CES 1) Phosphatidylcholine 2) Phosphatidylethanolamine 3) Sphingomyelin

Phospholipids on inner leaflet

SI 1) Phosphatidylserine 2) Phosphatidylinositol

Component of cell membrane that determines membrane fluidity and permeability

Cholesterol

Glycolipid that anchors protein to the outer leaflet

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Intercellular interaction used by integral proteins

Hydrophobic interaction

Intercellular interaction used by peripheral proteins

Electrostatic interaction

Chromosome mutated in CF

Chromosome 7

Chromosome 7 in CF encodes for this transporter

ABC transporter CFTR

Protein that mediates exocytosis

SNARE protein

6 organs that exhibit insulin independent glucose uptake

BRICK L 1) Brain 2) RBC 3) small Intestine 4) Cornea 5) Kidney 6) Liver

Insensible fluid loss from the skin

350cc

Insensible fluid loss from the lungs

350cc

Fluid gain from metabolism

200cc

Indicator molecules for TBW

1) Deuterium oxide | 2) Antipyrine

Indicator molecules for ECF

1) Inulin | 2) Mannitol

Indicator molecule for plasma

124I- labeled albumin

Amount of the following electrolytes in ECF respectively: Na, K, Ca, Cl, HCO3

140, 4, 2.5, 105, 24

Normal osmolarity of ECF and ICF

290 mOsm/L

Osmolarity vs osmolality: Varies with temperature

Osmolarity

Estimate of plasma osmolarity

2Na + Gluc(mg/dL)/18 + BUN(mg/dL)/2.5

Osmolar gap

Measured osmolarity - estimated osmolarity

Conditions that increase osmolar gap

MUDPILES 1) Methanol 2) Uremia 3) DKA 4) Paraldehyde 5) Isoniazid, Iron 6) Lactic acidosis 7) Ethanol, Ethylene glycol 8) Salicylate intoxication

Osmotic pressure is solely dependent on this property of a molecule

Number

Cockroft-Gault formula

Gender * (140-age/serum crea in mg/dL) * (wt in kg/72)

Estimated normal total blood volume in an adult

Estimated normal TLC

5800mL

Estimate normal GFR

125mL/min or 180L/day

Estimated normal TV in adult

500cc

Intrinsic factors that affect TV

1) Gender 2) Age 3) Height

Measure of effective osmolality

Tonicity

Ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

Reflection coefficient or osmotic coefficient

RC = 1

No solute penetration

RC between 1 and 0

Some solute penetration

RC = 0

Complete solute penetration

Characteristics of active transport

1) Saturation 2) Stereospecificity 3) Competition

Simple vs facilitated diffusion: Faster at lower solute conc

Facilitated

Simple vs facilitated diffusion: Faster at higher solute conc

Simple

Location of SGLT 1

Intestine

Location of SGLT2

PCT of kidney

Ca-ATPase location

Cell membrane and SR

H-K ATPase pump location

Parietal cells

H-ATPase pump location

Intercalated cells of 2nd part of DCT

Na-H countertransport location (2)

1) Loop of Henle | 2) Intercalated cells of 2nd part of DCT

Location of Na-K-2Cl channels

Thick ascending loop of Henle

Functional subunit of NaK-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

Alpha subunit

Location of NaK-ATPase pump in almost all cells except choroid plexus

Basolateral side

Cells that never go to G0 hence are rapidly dividing

Labile cells

Cells that are capable of regeneration once stimulated

Quiescent/Stable cells

Cells that remain in G0 and are not capable of regeneration

Permanent cells

Process of endocytosis that is energy- and calcium-requiring

Pinocytosis

Process of endocytosis that is usually receptor-mediated, not energy-requiring, and for larger substances

Phagocytosis

Insulin independent glucose transporter

Glut 1

Bidirectional glucose transporter

Glut 2

Insulin dependent glucose transporter

Glut 4

Glucose transporter that has a higher affinity for glucose and with 5-fold greater transport and is found in the brain

Glut 3

Organs that use Glut 2 (4)

1) Beta cells of pancreas 2) Liver 3) Small intestine 4) Kidneys

Organs that use Glut 4 (2)

1) Adipose | 2) Skeletal muscle

Total body water

60% of total body weight

TBW: ICF

40%

TBW: ECF

20%

ECF: Intravascular

1/4

ECF: Extravascular

3/4

Type of transport that uses Na-K ATPase pump directly

Primary active

Type of transport that uses Na-K ATPase pump indirectly

Secondary active

Normal RMP

-70mV