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Physiology > GI, Topnotch > Flashcards

GI, Topnotch Flashcards

1
Q

Basic layers of the GI tract

A

1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) Muscularis 4) Serosa

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2
Q

GI Mucosa: Layers

A

1) Epithelium 2) Lamina propria 3) Muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

GI Mucosa: Layer with blood vessels

A

Lamina propria

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4
Q

Layer of GIT: Contains glands and blood vessels

A

Submucosa

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5
Q

GI Muscular layers

A

ICOL 1) Inner circular 2) Outer longitudinal

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6
Q

GI Muscular layers: Decreases diameter

A

Inner circular

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7
Q

GI Muscular layers: Shortens segment

A

Outer longitudinal

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8
Q

GI layer: Layer deficient in esophagus

A

Serosa

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9
Q

GI Submucosal plexus

A

Meissner’s plexus

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10
Q

GI Myenteric plexus

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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11
Q

GI Submucosal plexus, function

A

Secretion, absorption, contraction

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12
Q

Esophagus: Strongest layer

A

Mucosa

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13
Q

Small intestine: Strongest layer

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Stomach: Muscle layers

A

1) Inner oblique 2) Middle circular 3) Outer Longitudinal

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15
Q

Myenteric plexus: Mainly excitatory except at (2)

A

1) Pyloric sphincter 2) Ileocecal valve

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16
Q

PSY innvervation: Esophagus to upper large intestine

A

Vagus

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17
Q

PSY innvervation: Lower large intestine to anus

A

Pelvic

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18
Q

Gastrin: Source

A

G cells in antrum

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19
Q

Gastrin: Inhibited by

A

1) H+ 2) Somatostatin

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20
Q

Gastrin: Action

A

1) Increases H+ 2) Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

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21
Q

Gastrin: Location of receptors

A

1) Parietal cells 2) Enterochromaffin cells

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22
Q

Secretin: Source

A

S cells in duodenum

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23
Q

Secretin: Stimulus

A

1) H+ 2) Fatty acids

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24
Q

Secretin: Action

A

1) Inc pancreatic bicarbonate 2) Inc biliary bicarbonate 3) Decrease effect of gastrin

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25
Q

Cholecystokinin: Source

A

I cells in duodenum and jejunum

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26
Q

Cholecystokinin: Stimulus

A

1) Monoglycerides and fatty acids 2) Peptides and amino acids

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27
Q

Cholecystokinin: Action

A

1) Gallbladder contraction 2) Sphincter of Oddi relaxation 3) Pancreatic enzyme and HCO3 secretion 4) Inc growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder 5) Inhibits gastric emptying

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28
Q

GIP: Source

A

K cells in duodenum

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29
Q

GIP: Stimulus

A

1) ORAL glucose 2) Fats 3) Amino acids

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30
Q

GIP: Action

A

1) Inc insulin secretion 2) Inhibits gastric emptying

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31
Q

Motilin: Source

A

M cells in duodenum and jejunum

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32
Q

Motilin: Stimulus

A

Fasting

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33
Q

Gastrin: Most potent stimuli

A

1) Phenylalanine 2) Tryptophan

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34
Q

GI hormones: Neurocrine from vagus to gastrin

A

GRP/bombesin

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35
Q

GI hormones: An incretin

A

1) GIP 2) GLP-1

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36
Q

GI hormones: Responsible for inter digestive myoelectric complex

A

Motilin

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37
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide: Secreted by pancreas in response to

A

CHO, CHON, and lipids

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38
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide: Inhibits

A

Pancreatic HCO3 and enzymes

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39
Q

Enteroglucagon: Stimulus

A

Hypoglycemia

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40
Q

GLP-1: Source

A

L cells

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41
Q

GLP-1: Action

A

Stimulates insulin secretion

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42
Q

Secreted by cells throughout GIT in response to H+

A

Somatostatin

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43
Q

Somatostatin: Action

A

Inhibits release of all GI hormones

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44
Q

Secreted by mast cells of gastric mucosa

A

Histamine

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45
Q

Histamine: Action

A

1) Inc H+ secretion 2) Potentiates gastrin action 3) Potentiates Ach action

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46
Q

GI neurotransmitters that cause smooth muscle contraction

A

1) Ach 2) Enkephalins/opiates 3) Substance P

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47
Q

Satiety center

A

Vuchog Ventromedial hypothalamus

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48
Q

Hunger center

A

Lamon Lateral hypothalamus

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49
Q

Sends signals to satiety/hunger centers

A

Arcuate nucleus

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50
Q

Release POMC

A

Anorexogenic neurons

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51
Q

Release Neuropeptide Y

A

Orexigenic neurons

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52
Q

Stimulates anorexigenic neurons and inhibits orexigenic neurons

A

Leptin

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53
Q

Inhibits anorexigenic neurons

A

Ghrelin

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54
Q

Inhibits Ghrelin

A

Peptide YY

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55
Q

GI contraction: Due to sub threshold slow waves

A

Tonic

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56
Q

Tonic contractions are seen in

A

GI sphincters

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57
Q

GI contraction: Due to spike potentials

A

Phasic

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58
Q

Slow waves vs spike potentials: True action potential

A

Spike potentials

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59
Q

Slow waves are generated by this intrinsic GI pacemaker

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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60
Q

Slow waves: Slowest frequency at

A

Stomach

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61
Q

Slow waves: Fastest frequency at

A

Small intestines

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62
Q

Slow waves: Depolarization due to __ influx

A

Na

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63
Q

Spike potentials: Depolarization due to __ influx

A

Ca

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64
Q

Spike potentials: Threshold

A

-40mV

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65
Q

Most common stimulus for GI peristalsis

A

Distention of gut

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66
Q

Reflex: Muscles upstream contract, muscles downstream exhibit receptive relaxation

A

Myenteric reflex

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67
Q

Cannon’s law of the gut

A

Peristalsis always proceeds in the oral-aboral direction

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68
Q

Effectual peristalsis requires

A

An active myenteric plexus

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69
Q

T/F: Chewing can be involuntary

A

T

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70
Q

Swallowing center

A

Medulla

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71
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

1) Oral phase 2) Pharyngeal phase 3) Esophageal phase

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72
Q

Phases of swallowing: Oral phase is triggered by presence of food at

A

Pharynx

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73
Q

Phases of swallowing: T/F Oral phase is voluntary

A

T

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74
Q

Phases of swallowing: Relaxation of UES

A

Pharyngeal phase

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75
Q

Phases of swallowing: Prevents aspiration

A

Pharyngeal phase

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76
Q

Phases of swallowing: Closes UES

A

Esophageal phase

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77
Q

Esophageal peristaltic contraction: Creates pressure behind bolus of food

A

Primary

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78
Q

Esophageal peristaltic contraction: Clears oesophagus of remaining food

A

Secondary

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79
Q

Esophageal peristaltic contraction: Accelerated by gravity

A

Primary

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80
Q

Esophageal peristaltic contraction: Relaxation of LES is mediated by

A

Vagus nerve using VIP

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81
Q

Stomach: 2 functional divisions

A

1) Orad stomach: Upper 2/3 2) Caudad: Lower 1/3 + antrum

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82
Q

Stomach: Capacity once fully relaxed

A

0.8-1.5L

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83
Q

Stomach, functional divisions: Thin-walled

A

Orad

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84
Q

Stomach, functional divisions: Thick-walled

A

Caudad

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85
Q

Receptive relaxation of orad stomach is mediated by

A

Vagus nerve using Ach

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86
Q

Increases distensibility of orad stomach

A

CCK

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87
Q

Caudad stomach: Frequency of contraction

A

3-5x per minute

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88
Q

Caudad stomach: Frequency of additional contractions

A

Every 90 minutes

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89
Q

Caudad stomach: Additional contractions mediated by

A

Motilin

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90
Q

Size required to enter duodenum

A

Less than 1 mm3

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91
Q

Inhibitors of gastric emptying

A

1) CCK 2) H+ in duodenum

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92
Q

Small intestinal motility: Back-and-forth movement with no net forward motion

A

Segmentation contraction

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93
Q

Small intestinal motility: Propels chyme towards large intestine

A

Peristaltic contraction

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94
Q

Large intestine: Saclike segments due to segmental contractions

A

Haustra

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95
Q

Proximal colon is for

A

Absorption

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96
Q

Distal colon is for

A

Storage

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97
Q

Mass movements in the LI: Frequency

A

1-3x a day

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98
Q

Mass movements in the LI: Segments

A

Transverse colon to sigmoid colon

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99
Q

T/F Circular and longitudinal muscles are reciprocally innervated such that when 1 is contracted, the other is relaxed

A

T

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100
Q

Segmental vs peristaltic contraction: Haustra

A

Segmental

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101
Q

Stimulus for internal anal sphincter relaxation

A

Rectal contents

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102
Q

Reflex whereby rectal contents cause internal anal sphincter relaxation

A

Rectosphincteric reflex

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103
Q

Urge to defecate is felt once rectum is ___ filled

A

25%

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104
Q

Combustible material from feces

A

Methane

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105
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

Food in stomach increases peristalsis in the ileum and relaxation of ileocecal sphincter

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106
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the colon and frequency of mass movements

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107
Q

Gastrocolic reflex is mediated by (3)

A

1) PSY nervous system 2) CCK 3) Gastrin

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108
Q

Reverse peristalsis that results in vomiting begins from what segment of the GIT

A

Small intestines

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109
Q

Vomiting center

A

Medulla (area postrema)

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110
Q

Send inputs to the vomiting center

A

1) Chemoreceptor trigger zone 2) Vestibular system 3) Back of throat 4) GIT

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111
Q

Average daily amount: Saliva

A

1L

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112
Q

Average daily amount: Gastric secretion

A

1.5L

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113
Q

Average daily amount: Pancreatic secretion

A

1L

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114
Q

Average daily amount: Bile

A

1L

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115
Q

Average daily amount: SI secretion

A

1.8L

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116
Q

Average daily amount: Brunner gland secretion

A

200mL

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117
Q

Average daily amount: LI secretion

A

200mL

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118
Q

Average daily amount: Total GIT secretion

A

6.7L

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119
Q

pH: Saliva

A

6-7

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120
Q

pH: Gastric secretion

A

1-3.5

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121
Q

pH: Pancreatic secretion

A

8-8.3

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122
Q

pH: Bile

A

7.8

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123
Q

Submucosal duodenal glands

A

Brunner’s glands

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124
Q

Salivary enzyme: Initial digestion of starch

A

Ptyalin (α-amylase)

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125
Q

Salivary enzyme: Initial digestion of lipids

A

Lingual lipase

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126
Q

T/F Lingual lipase is secreted in the saliva in its activated form

A

F

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127
Q

Phases of salivary secretion

A

1) Cephalic 2) Buccal 3) Esophageal 4) Gastric

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128
Q

Steps in formation of saliva

A

1) Primary secretion 2) Modification

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129
Q

Formation of saliva: Cells responsible for primary secretion

A

Acinar

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130
Q

Formation of saliva: Cells responsible for modification

A

Ductal

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131
Q

Formation of saliva: Primary secretion vs modification, secretion of isotonic saliva

A

Primary secretion

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132
Q

Formation of saliva: Steps in modification

A

1) Reabsorption of Na and Cl 2) Secretion of K and HCO3

133
Q

Principal glands of salivation

A

1) Parotid 2) Submandibular 3) Sublingual

134
Q

Serous vs mucinous: Ptyalin

A

Serous

135
Q

Serous vs mucinous: Parotid gland

A

Serous

136
Q

Serous vs mucinous: Submandibular gland

A

Mixed

137
Q

Serous vs mucinous: Sublingual gland

A

Mixed

138
Q

Increases vs decreases salivation: PSY nervous system

A

Increases

139
Q

Increases vs decreases salivation: SY nervous system

A

Decreases

140
Q

PSY vs SY: Saliva high in electrolytes but low in proteins

A

PSY

141
Q

PSY vs SY: Saliva viscid and rich

A

SY

142
Q

Initial vs final saliva: High in Na and Cl

A

Initial

143
Q

Initial vs final saliva: High in HCO3 and K

A

Final

144
Q

Formation of saliva: Hormone involved in reabsorption of Na by the ductal cells

A

Aldosterone

145
Q

High vs low flow rate (saliva): High in Na, Cl, HCO3; Low K

A

High

146
Q

High vs low flow rate (saliva): Low in Na, Cl, HCO3; High K

A

Low

147
Q

Serous vs mucinous: Buccal glands

A

Mucinous

148
Q

Initial vs final saliva: Na and Cl content less than in plasma

A

Initial and final

149
Q

Initial vs final saliva: K and HCO3 higher than in plasma

A

Final

150
Q

Components of gastric secretion (3)

A

1) HCl and pepsinogen 2) IF 3) Mucus

151
Q

GIT segment: Vitamin B12 absorption

A

Ileum

152
Q

Cell type-location: Parietal cells

A

Body

153
Q

Cell type-location: Chief cells

A

Body

154
Q

Cell type-location: G cells

A

Antrum

155
Q

Cell type-location: Mucous cells

A

Antrum

156
Q

Cell-secretion: Parietal cells

A

1) HCl 2) IF

157
Q

Cell-secretion: Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen

158
Q

Cell-secretion: G cells

A

Gastrin

159
Q

Cell-secretion: Mucous cells

A

Mucus

160
Q

Gland-location: Oxyntic glands

A

Body

161
Q

Gland-location: Pyloric glands

A

Antrum

162
Q

Gland-cells: Oxyntic glands

A

1) Mucus neck cells 2) Parietal cells 3) Chief cells

163
Q

Gland-cells: Pyloric glands

A

1) G cells 2) Mucus cells

164
Q

Cell-secretion: Mucus cells and mucus neck cells

A

1) Mucus 2) HCO3

165
Q

Cell-secretion: Enterochromaffin cells

A

Serotonin

166
Q

Cell-secretion: Enterochromaffin-like cells

A

Histamine

167
Q

Chief cells are aka

A

Zymogen cells

168
Q

Main gastric glands

A

Oxyntic glands

169
Q

Progenitor of epithelial cells and glands of the stomach

A

Mucus neck cells

170
Q

Parietal cells vs chief cells: Acidophilic

A

Parietal cells

171
Q

Parietal cells vs chief cells: Basophilic

A

Chief cells

172
Q

Transport mechanism: Secretion of H into gastric lumen

A

H-K ATPase

173
Q

3 substances that stimulate gastric HCl secretion

A

1) Histamine 2) Acetylcholine 3) Gastrin

174
Q

Gastric HCl secretion, stimulus: Paracrine

A

Histamine

175
Q

Gastric HCl secretion, stimulus: Neurocrine

A

Ach

176
Q

Gastric HCl secretion, stimulus: GI hormone

A

Gastrin

177
Q

Parietal cell receptor: Histamine

A

H2

178
Q

Parietal cell receptor: Ach

A

M3

179
Q

Parietal cell receptor: Gastrin

A

CCKB

180
Q

Inhibitors of gastric HCl secretion (3)

A

1) Somatostatin 2) pH

181
Q

Somatostatin analog

A

Octerotide

182
Q

Inhibitors of gastric HCl secretion, drug classes

A

1) H2-blocker 2) Anti-muscarinic 3) PPI

183
Q

Inhibitors of gastric HCl secretion: H2 blocker

A

Ranitidine

184
Q

Inhibitors of gastric HCl secretion: Anti-muscarinic

A

Atropine

185
Q

Inhibitors of gastric HCl secretion: PPI

A

Omeprazole

186
Q

Phases of HCl secretion

A

1) Cephalic 2) Gastric 3) Intestinal

187
Q

Phases of HCl secretion: Responsible for majority of acid secretion

A

Gastric phase (60%)

188
Q

Phases of HCl secretion: Least contributor to acid secretion

A

Intestinal phase (10%)

189
Q

Stimuli for acid secretion: Intestinal phase

A

1) Amino acids 2) Peptides

190
Q

Substances that protect mucosa from HCl and pepsin (3)

A

1) Mucin 2) HCO3 3) PG

191
Q

Protective factors against PUD (3)

A

1) Mucosal blood flow 2) PG 3) Growth factors

192
Q

Pancreatic secretion: High vs low volume

A

High

193
Q

Pancreatic secretion: High vs low HCO3

A

High

194
Q

Pancreatic secretion: Hypertonic vs isotonic vs hypotonic

A

Isotonic

195
Q

Pancreatic secretion: Higher vs lower Na and K content than plasma

A

Equal

196
Q

Pancreatic secretion: High vs low Cl

A

Low

197
Q

Pancreatic secretion: Contents (4)

A

1) Pancreatic amylase 2) Lipase 3) Protease 4) Tryspin inhibitor

198
Q

Pancreatic secretion: Phases

A

1) Cephalic 2) Gastric 3) Intestinal

199
Q

Pancreatic secretion: Stimuli (3)

A

1) Secretin 2) CCK 3) Ach (PSY)

200
Q

Pancreatic secretion, stimulus: Acts on ductal cells

A

Secretin

201
Q

Pancreatic secretion, stimulus: Acts on ductal and acinar cells

A

1) CCK 2) Ach

202
Q

Pancreatic secretion, stimulus-receptor: CCK

A

CCKA

203
Q

Pancreatic secretion, stimulus-receptor: Ach

A

Muscarinic

204
Q

Pancreatic secretion, stimulus: Potentiates effect of secretin in increasing HCO3

A

1) CCK 2) Ach

205
Q

Sources of digestive enzymes: Carbohydrates

A

1) Saliva 2) Pancreas 3) Intestinal mucosa

206
Q

Sources of digestive enzymes: Proteins

A

1) Stomach 2) Pancreas 3) Intestinal mucosa

207
Q

Sources of digestive enzymes: Lipids

A

1) Saliva 2) Pancreas

208
Q

Digestive enzyme for carbohydrates: Saliva

A

Amylase

209
Q

Digestive enzyme for carbohydrates: Pancreas

A

Amylase

210
Q

Digestive enzyme for carbohydrates: Intestinal mucosa (5)

A

1) Sucrase 2) Maltase 3) Lactase 4) Trehalase 5) α-dextrinase

211
Q

Digestive enzyme for proteins: Stomach

A

Pepsin

212
Q

Digestive enzyme for proteins: Pancreas (4)

A

1) Trypsin 2) Chymotrypsin 3) Carboxypeptidase 4) Elastase

213
Q

Digestive enzyme for proteins: Intestinal mucosa (3)

A

1) Amino-oligopeptidase 2) Dipeptidase 3) Enterokinase

214
Q

Digestive enzyme for lipids: Saliva

A

Lingual lipase

215
Q

Digestive enzyme for lipids: Pancreas

A

1) Lipase-colipase 2) Phospholipase A2 3) Cholesterol ester hydrolase

216
Q

Most common component of bile

A

Water

217
Q

Active component of bile

A

Bile salts

218
Q

Component of bile responsible for fat emulsification, absorption, and removal from body

A

Bile salts

219
Q

Components of bile (6)

A

1) Water 2) Bile salts 3) Bilirubin 4) Cholesterol 5) Phospholipids 6) Electrolytes

220
Q

Amount of bile in gallbladder

A

30-60 mL

221
Q

T/F Liver bile = gallbladder bile

A

F

222
Q

Most abundant substance secreted in bile (solute)

A

Bile salts

223
Q

Bile salts accounts for ___% of solutes in bile

A

50`

224
Q

Precursor of bile salts

A

Cholesterol

225
Q

Primary bile acids (2)

A

1) Cholic acid 2) Chenodeoxycholic acid

226
Q

Secondary bile acids (2)

A

1) Deoxycholic acid 2) Lithocholic acid

227
Q

Site of synthesis: Primary bile acids

A

Liver

228
Q

Site of synthesis: Secondary bile acids

A

Intesines (bacteria)

229
Q

Site of synthesis: Bile salts

A

Liver

230
Q

Enzyme for synthesis: Primary bile acids

A

7α-hydroxylase

231
Q

Enzyme for synthesis: Secondary bile acids

A

7α-dehydroxylase

232
Q

Direct precursor: Primary bile acids

A

Cholesterol

233
Q

Direct precursor: Secondary bile acids

A

Primary bile acids

234
Q

Direct precursor: Bile salts

A

Secondary bile acids

235
Q

Process by which secondary bile acids are converted into bile salts

A

Conjugation

236
Q

Bile is concentrated in what organ

A

Gallbladder

237
Q

Substances that cause GB contraction

A

1) CCK 2) Ach (PSY)

238
Q

Most potent stimulus for sphincter of Oddi relaxation

A

CCK

239
Q

T/F Bile is released in PULSATILE spurts

A

T

240
Q

% bile salts recirculated back to the liver

A

94%

241
Q

Where bile salts are reabsorbed for recirculation

A

Terminal ileum

242
Q

Transporter responsible for reabsorption of bile salts in the terminal ileum

A

Na-bile contransporter

243
Q

Substance that causes secretion of ions and water into bile before being reabsorbed in the gallbladder (concentration)

A

Secretin

244
Q

Hyper- vs iso- vs hypotonic: Saliva

A

Hypotonic

245
Q

Factors that increase secretion: Saliva

A

1) PSY (prominent) 2) SY

246
Q

Factors that increase secretion: Pepsinogen and IF

A

PSY

247
Q

Factors that decrease secretion: Saliva

A

1) Sleep 2) Dehydration 3) Atropine

248
Q

Increase vs decrease gastric secretion: Chyme in duodenum

A

Decrease

249
Q

Factors that decrease secretion: Bile

A

Ileal resection

250
Q

GI surface area for absorption

A

250 m2

251
Q

Only form of carbohydrates absorbed in the GIT

A

Monosaccharides

252
Q

Starch is digested by ptyalin to form

A

1) α-dextrins 2) Maltose 3) Maltotriose

253
Q

Enzyme that digests maltotriose to form glucose

A

Sucrase

254
Q

Trehalose > trehalase =

A

Glucose

255
Q

Lactose > lactase =

A

Glucose + galactose

256
Q

Sucrose > sucrase =

A

Glucose + fructose

257
Q

Transporter: Glucose and galactose from lumen to intestinal cell

A

SGLT-1

258
Q

Transporter: Fructose from lumen to intestinal cell

A

GLUT-5

259
Q

Transporter: Glucose, galactose, and fructose from intestinal cell to bloodstream

A

GLUT-2 (and GLUT-5)

260
Q

Passive vs active: SGLT-1

A

Active (secondary active)

261
Q

Passive vs active: GLUT-2

A

Passive uniport

262
Q

Passive vs active: GLUT-5

A

Passive uniport

263
Q

Form of protein absorbed from the GIT

A

1) Amino acids 2) Dipeptides 3) Tripeptides

264
Q

Transporter: Tripeptides and dipeptides

A

H-dependent cotransport

265
Q

Transporter: Amino acids

A

Na-aa cotransport

266
Q

Activator of pepsinogen

A

Low pH

267
Q

Activators of trypsinogen (2)

A

1) Trypsin (activates itself) 2) Enterokinase from intestinal brush border)

268
Q

Enzymes activated by trypsin

A

1) Trypsinogen 2) Chymotrypsinogen 3) Proelastase 4) Procarboxypeptidase A 5) Procarboxypeptidase B

269
Q

Optimum pH for pepsin activity

A

1-3

270
Q

pH at which pepsin is inactivated

A

>5.0

271
Q

Optimum pH at which lipase is activated

A

7.5-8

272
Q

T/F Pepsin is essential for protein digestion

A

F

273
Q

T/F Trypsin is essential for protein digestion

A

T

274
Q

Site of lingual lipase activation

A

Stomach

275
Q

Site of gastric lipase activation

A

Stomach

276
Q

Site of pancreatic lipase activation

A

Small intestine

277
Q

Form of fat absorbed from intestinal lumen to intestinal cell

A

Micelle

278
Q

Form of fat absorbed from intestinal cell to lacteals

A

Chylomicrons

279
Q

Enzyme for digestion: TAG

A

Lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipase

280
Q

Enzyme for digestion: Cholesterol ester

A

Cholesterol ester hydrolase

281
Q

Enzyme for digestion: Phospholipid

A

Phospholipase A2

282
Q

Triglyceride > lipase

A

Monoglyceride + 2 FA

283
Q

Cholesterol ester + cholesterol ester hydrolase

A

Cholesterol + FA

284
Q

Phospholipid + phospholipase A2

A

Lysolecithin + FA

285
Q

Monoglyceride is made of

A

1 glycerol + 1 FA

286
Q

Cholesterol ester is made of

A

Cholesterol + FFA

287
Q

TG is made of

A

MG + FFA

288
Q

Phospholipid is made of

A

Lysophospholipid + FFA

289
Q

Chylomicron is absorbed from intestinal cell through what transport mechanism

A

Exocytosis

290
Q

Mechanism by which micelles are absorbed from intestinal lumen to intestinal cell

A

Passive diffusion

291
Q

Form of fat that does not need to be processed by SER in the intestinal cell form absorption into lacteals, instead are directly absorbed

A

Short- and medium-chain fatty acids

292
Q

Inactivate pancreatic lipase

A

Bile salts

293
Q

Coenzyme secreted by pancreas to prevent inactivation of pancreatic lipase by bile salts

A

Colipase from procolipase

294
Q

Enzyme: Procolipase > lipase

A

Trypsin

295
Q

Only product of TG metabolism that is not hydrophobic

A

???

296
Q

Components of TAG

A

1) Glycerol 2) 3 FAs

297
Q

GIT: Main site for water absorption

A

LI

298
Q

GIT: Potassium absorption

A

SI

299
Q

GIT: Potassium secretion

A

LI

300
Q

GIT: Primary ion secreted in intestinal lumen

A

Cl-

301
Q

GIT: Needed for absorption of Ca

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

302
Q

GIT: Needed for iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

303
Q

GIT: Vitamins whose metabolism involves normal colonic flora

A

K, B1, B2, B12

304
Q

Substances absorbed in ileum

A

1) Vitamin B12 2) Bile salts

305
Q

GI transport mechanism of water-soluble vitamins

A

Na-dependent cotransport

306
Q

GI transport mechanism: Calcium

A

Vitamin D-dependent Ca-binding protein

307
Q

GI transport mechanism: Iron, intestinal cell

A

Apoferritin

308
Q

GI transport mechanism: Iron, bloodstream

A

Transferrin

309
Q

% body weight: Liver

A

2

310
Q

% cardiac output: Liver

A

25

311
Q

Phase I vs Phase 2 metabolism: CYP450 enzymes

A

Phase I

312
Q

Bilirubin metabolism

A
313
Q

Functional unit of liver

A

Lobule

314
Q

Liver lobule: Shape

A

Hexagonal

315
Q

Liver lobule: Center

A

Central vein (hepatic vein)

316
Q

Liver lobule: Borders

A

Portal triad

317
Q

Liver lobule, zone: Periportal

A

Zone 1

318
Q

Liver lobule, zone: Midzonal

A

Zone 2

319
Q

Liver lobule, zone: Centrilobular

A

Zone 3

320
Q

Liver can regenerate up to ___% of lost mass

A

70

321
Q

Condition for optimal liver regeneration

A

Must not be accompanied by viral infection or inflammation

322
Q

Liver macrophage

A

Kupffer cells

323
Q

T/F Kupffer cells are extremely effective in blood cleansing that less than 1% of bacteria make it to the systemic circulation

A

T

324
Q

Special liver cells: Found in space of Disse

A

Ito cells

325
Q

Special liver cells: Found in liver sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

326
Q

Special liver cells: Vitamin A storage

A

Ito cells

327
Q

Special liver cells: APC

A

Kupffer cells

328
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B and C

329
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

Physiology (15 decks)

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