Cardiac physiology, USMLE Flashcards

1
Q

MAP formula

A

CO X TPR

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2
Q

Pulse pressure approximates

A

SV

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3
Q

Maintenance of CO: Early stages of exercise

A

1) Inc HR

2) Inc contractility

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4
Q

Maintenance of CO: Late stages of exercise

A

Inc HR (SV plateaus)

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5
Q

SV is a function of

A

1) Contractility
2) Preload
3) 1/afterload

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6
Q

Myocardial O2 demand is increased by

A

Increase in

1) Heart size
2) Heart rate
3) Heart contractility
4) Afterload

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7
Q

Arterial vs venous dilation: Nitroglycerin

A

Venous&raquo_space; arterial

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8
Q

Arterial vs venous dilation: Hydralazine

A

Arterial&raquo_space; venous

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9
Q

States that increase blood viscosity

A

1) Polycythemia
2) Hyperproteinemia
3) Hereditary spherocytosis

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10
Q

Blood vessel that accounts for most of TPR

A

Arteriole

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11
Q

Phase of cardiac cycle which is the period of highest O2 consumption

A

Isovolumetric contraction

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12
Q

Systole vs diastole: S1

A

Systole

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13
Q

Systole vs diastole: S2

A

Diastole

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14
Q

Systole vs diastole: S3

A

Diastole

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15
Q

Systole vs diastole: S4

A

Atrial systole, ventricular diastole

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16
Q

S3 is normally heard in

A

1) Children

2) Pregnant women

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17
Q

T/F: S4 is always pathologic

A

T

18
Q

Wave formed due to RV contraction against a closed tricuspid valve

A

c wave

19
Q

Wave formed due to filling of right atrium against a closed tricuspid valve

A

v wave

20
Q

x descent is seen during

A

Reduced ejection

21
Q

y wave is seen during

A

Rapid filling

22
Q

Normal S2 split is seen in

A

Normal inspiration

23
Q

Wide S2 splitting is seen in

A

Delay in RV emptying

24
Q

Conditions that delay RV emptying

A

1) Pulmonic stenosis

2) RBBB

25
Q

Fixed S2 splitting is seen in

A

ASD

26
Q

Fixed S2 splitting seen in ASD is due to

A

Left to right shunt that increases right heart volumes and flow through pulmonic valve

27
Q

Paradoxical S2 splitting is seen in

A

Delay in LV emptying

28
Q

Conditions that delay LV emtpying

A

1) Aortic stenosis

2) LBBB

29
Q

Maneuver-effect: Inspiration

A

Increase RA return

30
Q

Maneuver-effect: Expiration

A

Increase LA return

31
Q

Maneuver-effect: Hand grip

A

Increase SVR

32
Q

Maneuver-effect: Valsalva

A

Decrease venous return

33
Q

Maneuver-effect: Rapid squatting

A

Increase venous return

34
Q

Maneuver-effect: Prolonged squatting

A

Increase afterload

35
Q

Abnormal systolic heart sounds

A

1) MR
2) TR
3) AS
4) VSD
5) MVP

36
Q

Abnormal diastolic heart sounds

A

1) AR

2) MS

37
Q

Characteristic murmur: MR/TR

A

Holosystolic, high-pitched, blowing

38
Q

Characteristic murmur: AS

A

Crescendo-decrescendo following an ejection click

39
Q

Characteristic murmur: VSD

A

Holosystolic, harsh

40
Q

Characteristic murmur: MVP

A

Late systolic crescendo with midsystolic click

41
Q

Characteristic murmur: AR

A

Immediate decrescendo, high-pitched, blowing

42
Q

Characteristic murmur: MS

A

Delayed late diastolic, rumbling, following an opening snap