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MD2002 > Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Sensory Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of sensation classes?

A

Superficial - touch, pain, temperature and touch discrimation

Deep - muscle and joint position, deep muscle pain and visceral pain

Visceral - autonomic sensation, hunger, nausea as well as visceral pain

Special senses (head only) - smell, vision, hearing, taste

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2
Q

What are cutaneous sensory receptors?

A

Located at ends of sensory nerve dendrites which detect sensory information from surrounding structures and transduce sensory Infiniti signals the brain can read

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3
Q

Classes of sensory receptors are?

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermal receptors
Pain receptors
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors
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4
Q

What are mechanoreceptors

A

Detect mechanical compression or stretching of the receptor or tissues adjacent to receptor

Respond to tissue deformation
Includes stretch receptors
tactile receptors
Hair cells of the ear

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5
Q

What are thermal receptors

A

Detect changes in temperature with some detecting cold and some detecting warmth

They sense peripheral and core temperature

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6
Q

What are pain receptors / nociceptors

A

May differ in different tissues but all detect pain and itch

Detect damage occur in tissues whether physical or chemical damage

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7
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemicals in blood (CO2 and H+)
Others detect chemicals in food by olfaction and taste

Detect taste in mouth, smell in nose, oxygen level in arterial blood etc

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8
Q

What are photoreceptors / electromagnetic receptors

A

Detect light via rods and cones of the retina

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9
Q

What cutaneous receptors are there

A 
Free nerve endings
Meissners corpuscle
Merkels disk
Hair receptors
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscle (mechanoreceptor)

(All coming from peripheral nerve bundle)

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10
Q

What receptors are found hairless glabrous skin

A

Thick epidermis
Sweat glands

Meissners corpuscles
Higher receptor density

Pacinian corpuscles
Merkles disks
Free nerve endings

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11
Q

What receptors are found in hairy skin

A 
Thin epidermis 
Sebaceous glands (hair oil)

Hair follicle receptors
Ruffini endings

Lower receptor density

Pacinian corpuscles
Merkels disks
Free nerve endings

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12
Q

What receptors are found in both hairy and non-hairy skin

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Merkels disks
Free nerve endings

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13
Q

What are free nerve endings and what do they do?

A

Free nerve endings detect pain and are polymodal i.e. Can detect hot cold via c fibres and sharp pains via Adelta fibres

Slowly adapting with high activation threshold

There are special type for itch and tickle in superficial layers which contain only c fibres

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14
Q

What are merkles disks and what do they do

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

Static touch and pressure

Alpha beta fibres

Specialised epithelial cell and nerve fibre

Found with meissners corpuscles and in lips, extremities and genitals

Multiple branches found in Iggo Dome which work with meissners to determine texture

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15
Q

What’s a meissners corpuscle and what does it do

A

Encapsulate nerve endings which found between dermal papillae

Detects changes in touch and pressure

Alpha beta fibres

Glaborous non hairy skin only

Rapidly adapting with low activation theshold
Found in lips fingers and areas for high level of point discrimination

Good at detecting objects move over skin and low frequency vibration

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16
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles and what do they do

A

Largest mechanoreceptor (2mm)

Onion like encapsulated nerve endings

Found deep layers of dermis

Detects high frequency vibration

Alpha beta fibres

Glaborous and hairy skin types

Rapidly adapting with low activation threshold

Hands feet nipples

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17
Q

What is a ruffini corpuscle and what does it do

A

Responds to skin stretch

Deeper layers of skin, tendons and ligaments

Encapsulated nerve endings in all skin types but abundant in hands and fingers as well as soles of feet

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18
Q

What sensation do Meissners corpuscles detect?

A

Touch

19
Q

What sensation do merkels disks detect?

A

Pressure and texture

20
Q

What sensation do pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Vibration

21
Q

What sensation do ruffini endings detect?

A

Skin stretch

22
Q

What sensation do hair follicle receptors detect?

A

Stroking/ air movement

23
Q

Muscle and skeletal receptors? What do they do in unison?

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Joint receptors

In unison give limb proprioception

24
Q

What sensation do muscle spindles detect?

A

Muscle length

25
Q

What sensation do Golgi tendon organs detect?

A

Muscle tension

26
Q

What sensation do joint receptors detect?

A

Joint angle

27
Q

What are somatic sensory receptors?

A

Free nerve endings such as thermal receptors and nociceptors

28
Q

Examples of thermoreceptors

A

Cool which detects skin cooling

Warm which detects skin warming

29
Q

Examples of nociceptors and what they detect

A

Mechanical
Thermal (hot)
Thermal (cold)
Polymodal (mechanical/thermal/chemical)

All detect pain

30
Q

What happens when a sensory nerve is stimulated?

A

It causes AP to travel to CNS

31
Q

How does CNS tell difference between action potentials from different receptors (as they are all in the same form)?

A

Modality - where each sensory nerve is recognised by the CNS as being of a particular type

Achieved by CNS reading final destination of nerve fibre - information delivered to point A in the CNS is always of a particular modality

Modal info also delivered to CNS in topographic fashion - pain let delivered to part of CNS which is different to but near stretch or vibration signals from the leg

32
Q

What is phantom limb sensation?

A

Arises when sensory neurones from absent limbs are spontaneously active and can be mimicked by electrical stimulation

33
Q

How does the CNS determine the strength of the signal?

A

Impulses are of a fixed duration and amplitude therefore the intensity of the signal must be determined by the frequency of impulses - the higher the frequency the more intense the signal is

34
Q

What is generator potential?

A

The generator potential initiates impulses in sensory nerves

The bigger the generator potential, the faster the frequency of sensory nerve impulses and so the bigger the intensity of the signal

35
Q

What is generator potential amplitude dependent upon?

A

It is dependent upon stimulus strength

Sub- threshold stimulus will not generate AP but strong stimulus will

36
Q

What are the two types of sensory receptor types and their adaption styles?

A

Slowly adapting generator potentials which do not adapt rapidly to constant stimuli so no chance in generator potential

Rapidly adapting generator potentials which adapt rapidly to stimuli and less action potentials are fired due to this

37
Q

What happens when there is a receptor cell which synapses onto sensory neurone

A

Sensory cells (vision, hearing and taste) produce a receptor potential when stimulated (not a generator potential) which causes receptor cell to release neurotransmitter into synapse and normal neurotransmission takes place

This is a postsynaptic potential rather than a generator potential

38
Q

What’s the difference between postsynaptic potentials and generator potentials

A

Generator potentials will last as long as the receptor is stimulated and the amplitude is determined directly by the intensity of the sensory stimulus (not by neurotransmitter conc)

39
Q

How do different sensory receptors detect different stimuli

A

Through differential sensitivities

Where one receptor designed to be responsive to one stimulus yet can be highly unresponsive to other types of sensory inputs

40
Q

What’s a modality of sensation

A

Modality is the principle types of sensation we CNS feel such as pain, touch, sight etc

Known as the labelled line principle

41
Q

Link between receptor potential and action potential

A

When receptor generator potential reaches above threshold action potentials are fired

The more the receptor rises above the threshold the greater the action potential frequency occurs

42
Q

Slowly adapting receptors sense

A

Continuous stimulus strength

43
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors detect

Why are they important

A

Change in stimulus strength

Predictive function

MD2002 (22 decks)

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