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Neuro II > Sensory physiology > Flashcards

Sensory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what two schemes are peripheral nerves classified by

A

contribution to compound AP

fiber diameter, myelin thickness, conduction velocity

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2
Q

what is receptor adaptation

A

when a stimulus persists without change in position or amplitude, neural response diminishes => sensation is lost

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3
Q

what receptors respond to prolonged and constant stimulation

A

slowly adapting receptors

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4
Q

what receptors respond only at the beginning/end of a stimulus

A

rapidly adapting receptors

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5
Q

what are mechanoreceptors responsible for

A

sense of touch

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6
Q

what does meissner’s corpuscle sense

A

tap, flutter

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7
Q

are meissner’s corpuscles rapidly or slowly adapting

A

rapidly adapting

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8
Q

what do hair follicle receptors sense

A

motion, direction

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9
Q

are hair follicle receptors rapidly or slowly adapting

A

either slow or rapidly adapting

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10
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles sense

A

vibration

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11
Q

are pacinian corpuscles rapidly or slowly adapting

A

rapidly adapting

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12
Q

what do Merkel discs sense

A

touch, pressure

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13
Q

are merkel discs rapidly or slowly adapting

A

slowly adapting

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14
Q

What do ruffini corpuscles sense

A

skin stretch

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15
Q

are ruffini corpuscles rapidly or slowly adapting

A

slow adapting

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16
Q

where are receptive fields largest

A

calf, back and thigh

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17
Q

what stimuli initiates pre-synaptic inhibition?

A

GABA => influx of Cl-

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18
Q

what improves the brain’s ability to localize signals?

A

reduced NT release secondary to presynaptic inhibition

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19
Q

what are the three steps of cortical processing

A

initial processing
integration
emotional response

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20
Q

how does an amputation affect the homonculus?

A

because input to the leg is restricted, the portion of cortex devoted to that region decreases

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21
Q

what are the main output neurons of the cortex

A

pyramidal cells

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22
Q

what layers of the cortex are enlarged in the primary sensory cortex and why

A 
layer III (medium sized pyramidal cell layer)
layer IV (granular layer)
because axons from the thalamus terminate in these layers
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23
Q

through what layers of the cortex do the neuronal columns extend

A

all of them, 1-6

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24
Q

how are neuronal columns organized functionally?

A

neighboring columns receive sensory information from the same part of the body, but a different modality

25
Q

what are the three parts of the somatosensory cortex

A 
primary area (SI)
secondary area (SII)
association area
26
Q

what brodmann areas make up the primary somatosensory cortex

A

1,2,3

27
Q

which part of the somatosensory cortex is responsible for proprioception and size/shape discrimination

A

SI

28
Q

which part of the somatosensory cortex is responsible for comparison btwn objects and tactile sensations and determining whether a memory is stored

A

SII

29
Q

where is S2

A

in the wall of the sylvian fissure

30
Q

which part of the somatosensory cortex names objects and helps w proprioception

A

parieto-temporal-occipital (PTO) association cortex

31
Q

what characteristic of SI allows focusing activities

A

projections sent back to the thalamus and other subcortical structures

32
Q

how are primary and association areas of the sensory cortex linked?

A

via cortico-cortical projections

33
Q

are cortico-cortical projections on the same between the same or opposite hemispheres

A

either!

34
Q

what are corticofugal signals

A

signals transmitted cortex => postcortical structures to inhibit and suppress sensory input

35
Q

what is the difference between nociception and pain

A

pain is the SENSATION of tissue damage

nociception is the autonomic or behavioral conseqences of tissue damage

36
Q

what fibers carry slow pain

A

C

37
Q

what fibers carry fast pain

A

Adelta

38
Q

are axons of nociceptors typically myelinated?

A

no, usually unmyelinated or thinly myelinated

39
Q

what are free nerve endings

A

nerve endings which lack specialized receptor cells or encapsulations

40
Q

what kind of free nerve endings express substance P and cGRP

A

peptidergic

41
Q

what stimulus do peptidergic nerve endings respond to

A

NGF (nerve growth factor)

42
Q

what stimulus do non-peptidergic nerve endings respond to

A

GDNF (glial-derived neurotrophic factor)

43
Q

what kind of nerve endings are implicated in diabetic neuropathy

A

non-peptidergic

44
Q

what receptors sense noxious stimuli?

A

TRP receptors

45
Q

what is the MOA of TRP receptors

A

ligand-gated non-selective cation channels permeable to Ca, Na and K

46
Q

describe the gate control theory of pain

A

in the absence of pain signalling, tonically active inhibitory neurons suppress the pain pathway

47
Q

what function does the insular cortex have in the pain pathway

A

it integrates all signals related to pain

48
Q

what structure is important to the emotional component of pain

A

amygdala

49
Q

what is the underlying premise to referred pain

A

afferents from the injured site and site of referred pain converge in the dorsal horn

50
Q

what part of the cortex is most important for interpretation of nociception

A

insular cortex

51
Q

what ligand do we need to know that propagates neurogenic pain

A

BRADYKININ (increases nociceptor density in area of inflammation)

52
Q

what is the path of descending inhibition

A

periaqueductal grey matter =>
locus coerulus and raphe nucleus release NE/serotonin =>
activate local inhibitory interneurons

53
Q

what fibers are activated by rubbing an area of pain, and how does it reduce sensation of pain

A

Abeta fibers activate inhibitory interneurons

54
Q

do Adelta fibers react to substance P and CGRP?

A

no, only C fibers do

55
Q

does EAA bind to NMDA or non-NMDA receptors

A

non-NMDA

56
Q

what TRP receptor is activated by physical heat and capsacin

A

TRPV1

57
Q

what TRP receptors is activated by menthol and cold

A

TRM8

58
Q

what neuropeptides are expressed by peptidergic nerve endings

A

substance p

CGRP

Neuro II (16 decks)

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