Neurotransmitters

Question 1

where are neurotransmitters synthesized

Answer 1

cell bodies (nuclei, grey matter)

Question 2

where are neurons that make ACh found?

Answer 2

midbrain
pons
striatum of basal ganglia

Question 3

what is the function of ACh from the striatum of basal ganglia?

Answer 3

control of voluntary motion

Question 4

what is the function of ACh from the midbrain and pons?

Answer 4

REM sleep

awakening

Question 5

what two molecules contribule to the synthesis of ACh

Answer 5

choline and acetate

Question 6

what does VAChT do

Answer 6

vesicular ACh transporter protein -

moves ACh into vesicles

Question 7

where is AChE found?

Answer 7

the post-synaptic cell membrane

Question 8

what are the metabotropic cholinergic receptors called?

Answer 8

MUSCARINIC

Question 9

which muscarinic receptor is active at neurons?

Answer 9

M1

Question 10

what is the MOA of M1 receptor

Answer 10

Gq - increase IP3/DAG

increase Ca2+

Question 11

where are M4 cholinergic receptors found and what is the MOA

Answer 11

striatum of basal ganglia

Gi - decrease cAMP

Question 12

which muscarinic receptor is active at cerebrovasculature

Answer 12

M5

Question 13

which muscarinic receptor is active at the dopaminergic neurons of basal ganglia?

Answer 13

M5

Question 14

what is the MOA of M5 cholinergic receptor

Answer 14

Gq - increase IP3/DAG

increase Ca

Question 15

are nicotinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 15

ionotropic

Question 16

what are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

Answer 16

GABA

glycine

Question 17

what is the major inhibitory amino acid of the CNS?

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

how is GABA distributed throughout the CNS?

Answer 18

higher at the more superior levels (ie cortex)

lowest in the spinal cord

Question 19

what are the three functions we were given for GABA?

Answer 19

conciousness
motor control
vision (retina)

Question 20

what amino acid is GABA synthesized from

Answer 20

glutamate

Question 21

what is the important enzyme in GABA synthesis?

Answer 21

GAD - glutamate decarboxylase

Question 22

how is GABA transported to vesicles

Answer 22

VGAT - vesicular GABA transporter protein

Question 23

what protein removes GABA from synapses?

Answer 23

GAT - GABA transporter

Question 24

where is GAT1 found?

Answer 24

on the presynaptic terminal

Question 25

where is GAT2 found?

Answer 25

on the glial cells surrounding the synapse

Question 26

what is the difference between the actions of GAT 1 and 2?

Answer 26

GABA removed by GAT1 is repackaged into vesicles | GABA removed by GAT2 is converted to glutamine and release to ECF

Question 27

what receptors are the target of general anesthetics

Answer 27

extra-synaptic GABA A receptors

Question 28

Are GABA A receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

Answer 28

ionotropic

Question 29

what is the MOA of GABA B receptors

Answer 29

Gi/Go coupled - activate K+ channel | inhibit Ca2+ channel

Question 30

Are GABA B receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

Answer 30

metabotropic

Question 31

where are GABA B receptors found

Answer 31

``` both presynaptic (to regulate NT release AND postsynaptic (to inhibit post-synaptic cell) ```

Question 32

how is glycine distributed throughout the CNS

Answer 32

LOWER in more superior areas | highest in SC and brainstem

Question 33

how is glycine removed from a synapse?

Answer 33

GAT

Question 34

what is the MOA of glycine receptors?

Answer 34

ionotropic - causes influx of chloride => IPSP

Question 35

what protein packages purines in vesicles (ATP)

Answer 35

VNUT

Question 36

where does dephosphorylation of ATP occur?

Answer 36

in the synaptic cleft

Question 37

what is the function of post-synaptic P1

Answer 37

inhibits neural function, induces sleep

Question 38

what is the function of pre-synaptic P1

Answer 38

inhibits NT release

Question 39

what ligand activates P1

Answer 39

adenosine

Question 40

are P2 receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

Answer 40

P2X is ionotropic | P2Y is metabotropic

Question 41

what is the function of P2 receptors

Answer 41

learning and memory | modification of locomotor pathways

Question 42

how are opiod transporters transported from the cell body to the axon?

Answer 42

fast axonal transport

Question 43

what do endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins and nociceptin have in common

Answer 43

they are all opioid peptides

Question 44

where are opioid peptides synthesized?

Answer 44

basal ganglia pons medulla hypothalamus

Question 45

what is the function of opiods?

Answer 45

modification of cutaneous sensation | mood

Question 46

what is the precursor molecule for nociceptin?

Answer 46

orphanin FQ

Question 47

what is PCOM (proopiomelanocortinin) a precursor for?

Answer 47

endorphins

Question 48

what two enzymes remove opioids from synaptic clefts?

Answer 48

enkephalinase | aminopeptidase

Question 49

what are the receptors for opioid peptides?

Answer 49

Mu Kappa Delta

Question 50

what is the function of MuR activation?

Answer 50

``` analgesia respiratory depression euphoria constipation sedation ```

Question 51

what is the function of kappaR activation?

Answer 51

analgesia | dysphoria

Question 52

what is the function of deltaR activation?

Answer 52

analgesia

Question 53

what opioid receptor leads to in increase in K efflux => hyperpolarization?

Answer 53

MuR

Question 54

what is the MOA of opioid receptors?

Answer 54

all are metabotropic | use Gi/Go

Question 55

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the basal ganglia

Answer 55

mood | motor performance

Question 56

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the SC

Answer 56

modulation of nociception

Question 57

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the cortex

Answer 57

neuroprotection

Question 58

from what molecule are endocannabinoids synthesized?

Answer 58

presynaptic membrane lipids (arachidonic acid)

Question 59

what is the MOA of CB1?

Answer 59

Gi coupled protein inhibits EAA and GABA release

Question 60

where is CB1 found

Answer 60

pre-synaptic terminals

Question 61

what is CB2 associated with

Answer 61

immune system - anti-inflammatory

Question 62

what is the MOA of P1?

Answer 62

Gs/Gq