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Neuro II > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

where are neurotransmitters synthesized

A

cell bodies (nuclei, grey matter)

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2
Q

where are neurons that make ACh found?

A

midbrain
pons
striatum of basal ganglia

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3
Q

what is the function of ACh from the striatum of basal ganglia?

A

control of voluntary motion

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4
Q

what is the function of ACh from the midbrain and pons?

A

REM sleep

awakening

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5
Q

what two molecules contribule to the synthesis of ACh

A

choline and acetate

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6
Q

what does VAChT do

A

vesicular ACh transporter protein -

moves ACh into vesicles

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7
Q

where is AChE found?

A

the post-synaptic cell membrane

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8
Q

what are the metabotropic cholinergic receptors called?

A

MUSCARINIC

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9
Q

which muscarinic receptor is active at neurons?

A

M1

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10
Q

what is the MOA of M1 receptor

A

Gq - increase IP3/DAG

increase Ca2+

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11
Q

where are M4 cholinergic receptors found and what is the MOA

A

striatum of basal ganglia

Gi - decrease cAMP

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12
Q

which muscarinic receptor is active at cerebrovasculature

A

M5

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13
Q

which muscarinic receptor is active at the dopaminergic neurons of basal ganglia?

A

M5

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14
Q

what is the MOA of M5 cholinergic receptor

A

Gq - increase IP3/DAG

increase Ca

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15
Q

are nicotinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

ionotropic

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16
Q

what are the two major inhibitory amino acids?

A

GABA

glycine

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17
Q

what is the major inhibitory amino acid of the CNS?

A

GABA

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18
Q

how is GABA distributed throughout the CNS?

A

higher at the more superior levels (ie cortex)

lowest in the spinal cord

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19
Q

what are the three functions we were given for GABA?

A

conciousness
motor control
vision (retina)

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20
Q

what amino acid is GABA synthesized from

A

glutamate

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21
Q

what is the important enzyme in GABA synthesis?

A

GAD - glutamate decarboxylase

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22
Q

how is GABA transported to vesicles

A

VGAT - vesicular GABA transporter protein

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23
Q

what protein removes GABA from synapses?

A

GAT - GABA transporter

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24
Q

where is GAT1 found?

A

on the presynaptic terminal

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25
Q

where is GAT2 found?

A

on the glial cells surrounding the synapse

26
Q

what is the difference between the actions of GAT 1 and 2?

A

GABA removed by GAT1 is repackaged into vesicles

GABA removed by GAT2 is converted to glutamine and release to ECF

27
Q

what receptors are the target of general anesthetics

A

extra-synaptic GABA A receptors

28
Q

Are GABA A receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

ionotropic

29
Q

what is the MOA of GABA B receptors

A

Gi/Go coupled - activate K+ channel

inhibit Ca2+ channel

30
Q

Are GABA B receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

metabotropic

31
Q

where are GABA B receptors found

A 
both presynaptic (to regulate NT release
AND postsynaptic (to inhibit post-synaptic cell)
32
Q

how is glycine distributed throughout the CNS

A

LOWER in more superior areas

highest in SC and brainstem

33
Q

how is glycine removed from a synapse?

34
Q

what is the MOA of glycine receptors?

A

ionotropic - causes influx of chloride => IPSP

35
Q

what protein packages purines in vesicles (ATP)

36
Q

where does dephosphorylation of ATP occur?

A

in the synaptic cleft

37
Q

what is the function of post-synaptic P1

A

inhibits neural function, induces sleep

38
Q

what is the function of pre-synaptic P1

A

inhibits NT release

39
Q

what ligand activates P1

40
Q

are P2 receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

P2X is ionotropic

P2Y is metabotropic

41
Q

what is the function of P2 receptors

A

learning and memory

modification of locomotor pathways

42
Q

how are opiod transporters transported from the cell body to the axon?

A

fast axonal transport

43
Q

what do endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins and nociceptin have in common

A

they are all opioid peptides

44
Q

where are opioid peptides synthesized?

A

basal ganglia
pons
medulla
hypothalamus

45
Q

what is the function of opiods?

A

modification of cutaneous sensation

mood

46
Q

what is the precursor molecule for nociceptin?

A

orphanin FQ

47
Q

what is PCOM (proopiomelanocortinin) a precursor for?

A

endorphins

48
Q

what two enzymes remove opioids from synaptic clefts?

A

enkephalinase

aminopeptidase

49
Q

what are the receptors for opioid peptides?

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

50
Q

what is the function of MuR activation?

A 
analgesia
respiratory depression
euphoria
constipation
sedation
51
Q

what is the function of kappaR activation?

A

analgesia

dysphoria

52
Q

what is the function of deltaR activation?

53
Q

what opioid receptor leads to in increase in K efflux => hyperpolarization?

54
Q

what is the MOA of opioid receptors?

A

all are metabotropic

use Gi/Go

55
Q

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the basal ganglia

A

mood

motor performance

56
Q

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the SC

A

modulation of nociception

57
Q

what is the function of endocannabinoids in the cortex

A

neuroprotection

58
Q

from what molecule are endocannabinoids synthesized?

A

presynaptic membrane lipids (arachidonic acid)

59
Q

what is the MOA of CB1?

A

Gi coupled protein inhibits EAA and GABA release

60
Q

where is CB1 found

A

pre-synaptic terminals

61
Q

what is CB2 associated with

A

immune system - anti-inflammatory

62
Q

what is the MOA of P1?

Neuro II (16 decks)

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