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Physiology > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Starting point of Afferent System; Specialized epithelial cells or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals

A

Sensory Receptors

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1
Q

An Afferent System that provides info to CNS about the state of body and/or the immediate environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

End point of Afferent System

A

Sensory Cortex

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3
Q

Change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus; Trigger action potential trains

A

Generator Potential/Receptor Potential

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4
Q

Touch Receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

Temperature Receptors

A

Thermoreceptors

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6
Q

Pain Receptors

A

Nociceptors

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7
Q

Light Receptors

A

Electromagnetic Receptors

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8
Q

O2 or CO2 Receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

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9
Q

“Specific sensation, specific receptors”

A

Differential Sensitivity

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10
Q

“Specific sensations, specific pathways”

A

Labeled Line Principle

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11
Q

Change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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12
Q

For continuous stimulus strength; Detects steady stimulus (eg: muscle spindle, golgi tendon, slow pain receptor, baroreceptor, chemoreceptor)

A

Slowly-adapting Receptors (Tonic Receptors)

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13
Q

For detecting change in stimulus strength; Detects onset and offset of stimulus; Has predictive function (eg: Pacinian corpuscle)

A

Rapidly-adapting Receptors (Phasic Receptors)

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14
Q

Region of skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of sensory neurons

A

Receptive Field

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15
Q

Smaller receptive field with well-defined border

A

Type 1 Receptive Field

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16
Q

Wider receptive field with poorly-defined borders

A

Type 2 Receptive Field

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17
Q

Tactile Receptor: In the skin; For Touch and Pressure

A

Free Nerve Endings

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18
Q

Tactile Receptor: In non-hairy skin (eg: fingertips and lips); For Movement of objects and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles (FA1)

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19
Q

Tactile Receptor: Combine to form Iggo Dome Receptors; Expanded tip Tactile Receptor; Gives steady-state signals for continuous touch; Localizing touch sensation and to determine texture

A

Merkel’s Disc (SA1)

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20
Q

Tactile Receptor: In hair base; For Movement of objects on the skin

A

Hair-end organ

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21
Q

Tactile Receptor: In deep skin, internal tissues and joint capsules; Multi-branched, encapsulated; Slow-adapting; Heavy and prolonged touch (pressure) and to signal degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini’s end organs (SA2)

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22
Q

Tactile Receptor: Onion-like structure in skin and deep fascia; Detects high frequency vibration

A

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2)

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23
Q

Cell Body: Dorsal Root or Cranial Nerve Ganglia

A

First-Order Neurons

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24
Q

Cell Body: Spinal Cord or Brainstem

A

Second-Order Neurons

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25
Q

Cell Body: Thalamus

A

Third-Order Neurons

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26
Q

Cell Body: Sensory Cortex

A

Fourth-Order Neurons

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27
Q

Somatosensory pathway that uses large myelinated fibers (Group II); 30-110m/s; With temporal & spatial fidelity; Crosses near the medulla; Vibration, sensations against the skin, position sense & fine pressure, 2-point discrimination

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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28
Q

Somatosensory pathway that uses smaller myelinated fibers (Group III & IV); 8-40m/s; With less fidelity; Less accurate gradations; Crosses immediately; Pain, temperature sensation, crude touch & pressure sensation, tickle and itch sensation; sexual sensation

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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29
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

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30
Q

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus

A

VPL Nuclei

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31
Q

Trigemino Thalamic Pathway

A

VPM Nuclei

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32
Q

Anterolateral System

A

VPI Nuclei

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33
Q

Somatotropic organization of Primary (S1) & Secondary (S2) Somatosensory Area; Largest area are for the fingers, hands & face for precise localization

A

Sensory Homunculus

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34
Q

Neurotransmitters for Pain

A

Glutamate

Substance P

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35
Q

Type of Pain: after 0.1 sec; aka 1st/sharp/pricking/acute/electric pain; Superficial; Stimulated: mechanical or thermal stimuli; Type A-delta fibers; NT: Glutamate

A

Fast Pain

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36
Q

Type of Pain: after 1 sec; aka 2nd/slow/burning/aching/throbbing/nauseous/chronic pain; Associated with tissue destruction; Stimulated: mechanical or thermal or chemical stimuli; Type C fibers; NT: Substance P

A

Slow Pain

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37
Q

Due to sharing of 2nd Order neurons in the spinal cord of Visceral pain fibers & Skin pain fibers; Follows Dermatome Rule

A

Referred Pain

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38
Q

Pain Killer System of the body; NT: Serotonin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

A

Endogenous Analgesia System

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39
Q

Thermal Receptors: Free nerve endings & Type C fibers

A

Warmth Receptors

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40
Q

Thermal Receptors: Type A-delta fibers & some Type C

A

Cold Receptors

41
Q

Thermal Receptors: For Temperature 43 deg C

A

Pain Receptors

42
Q

Detects and interprets electromagnetic waves between 400-750nm long; Can detect brightness (luminance) and wavelength (color)

A

The Visual System

43
Q

Light from a visual target is focused sharply on the retina by the cornea and lens by refracting/bending light

A

Vision

44
Q

Ability to bend light; Measured in Diopters (Reciprocal of focal distance in meters)

A

Refractive Power

45
Q

Refractive Power of the Eye

A

59 Diopters (2/3 by Cornea & 1/3 by Lens)

46
Q

Ciliary muscles: Relaxed; Lens: Flat

A

Increased tension from Suspensory Ligaments

47
Q

Ciliary muscles: Contracted; Lens: Spherical

A

Decreased tension from Suspensory Ligaments

48
Q

Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens of the eye to permit retinal focus of image of objects at varying distances; Provides an additional 14 Diopters for the lens

A

Accommodation

49
Q

Maintains shape of the eye

A

Intraocular Fluid

50
Q

Produced by ciliary body; Exits into Canal of Schlemm; Free-flowing; Main determinant of IOP

A

Aqueous Humor

51
Q

Gelatinous with little flow

A

Vitreous Humor

52
Q

Light sensitive portion of the eye which contains photoreceptors Rods and Cones (Light causes Hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors)

A

Retina

53
Q

Area of Central vision with slight thickening and pale color

A

Macula Lutea

54
Q

Depression in macula lutea with the highest visual resolution (highest cone density) where image from fixation point is focused

A

Fovea

55
Q

Anatomic Blind Spot; Lacks Photoreceptors

A

Optic Disc

56
Q

What do you call the protrusion of the optic disc into the vitreous space due to increased ICP?

A

Papilledema

57
Q

Absorb stray light and preventing light from scattering

A

Pigment epithelium

58
Q

Deterioration of Pigment epithelium

A

Macular Degeneration

59
Q

Pigment epithelium lacks melanin

A

Albinism

60
Q

Absent in Optic Disc

A

Rods and Cones

61
Q

Interneuron that connects Rods and Cones with Ganglion Cells; Contrast Detectors

A

Bipolar cells

62
Q

Interneurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells

A

Amacrine Cells, Horizontal Cells

63
Q

Retinal Glial Cell; Maintains internal geometry of the retina; Ganglion Cell; Its axon form the Optic Nerve

A

Mueller Cells

64
Q

Output Cells of Retina: For color, form, fine details

A

P Cells

65
Q

Output Cells of Retina: For illumination and movement

A

M Cells

66
Q

Output Cells of Retina: With unknown function

A

W Cells

67
Q

For Night Vision; Narrower & Longer; Contains 1 Type of Photopigment (Rhodopsin); Greater amount of photopigment, better signal amplification, more numerous; 30-300x more sensitive; Adapts 4x less rapidly but can last for minutes to hours; Lower visual acuity; Not present in Fovea

A

Rods

68
Q

For Daylight Vision; Wider & Shorter; Contains 3 types of color photochemicals (blue, green, red); Less amount of photopigment, less signal amplification, less numerous; 30-300x less sensitive; Adapts 4x more rapidly but only for a dew seconds; Higher visual acuity; Present in Fovea

A

Cones

69
Q

Changes in concentration of Rhodopsin (reduced) and Photochemicals: Sudden brightness; Reduced photosensitivity

A

Light Adaptation

70
Q

Changes in concentration of Rhodopsin and Photochemicals: Sudden darkness; Rods adapt slowly but increased photosensitivity

A

Dark Adaptation

71
Q

Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)

A

Myopia (Biconcave Lens)

72
Q

Light rays converge behind of the retina (short eyeball)

A

Hyperopia (Convex Lens)

73
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism (Cylindrical Lens)

74
Q

Age-related loss of Accommodation

A

Presbyopia (Convex Lens)

75
Q

1st sign of Vit A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

76
Q

Ptosis, Meiosis, Anhydrosis

A

Horner’s Syndrome

77
Q

Produced by compression and decompression waves transmitted in air or other elastic media such as water; Speed: 335m/sec in air

A

Sound

78
Q

Measured in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)

A

Sound Frequency

79
Q

Measured in Decibels (dB)

A

Sound Pressure

80
Q

How many cycles/second can a human ear detect?

A

20-20,000 cycles/second (depends on loudness)

81
Q

More damaging to the Organ of Corti

A

Low-frequency sounds

82
Q

What is the age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Presbycusis

83
Q

Occupational Hearing Loss (OHL) occurs after >10 years exposure to which sound pressure?

A

> 85 Decibels

84
Q

What sound pressure will cause pain and possible permanent damage?

A

> 120 Decibels

85
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

Sound Localization

86
Q

What are the 2 muscles found in the middle ear?

A 
Tensor Tympani (Malleus)
Stapedius (Stapes)
87
Q

What is the connection between outer & middle ear?

A

Eustachian Tube (Equalizes pressure differences)

88
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Impedance Matching

89
Q

What is the function of the attenutation refle?

A

Protects cochlea from loud (damaging) sounds; Masks background noise

90
Q

What is the function of the basilar membrane?

A

Frequency analyzer: distributes stimulus along the Organ of Corti according to frequency

91
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Utricle & Saccule; Uses Macule as sensory organ (has Stataconia & Hair cells); Detects head orientation with respect to gravity; For linear acceleration & sometimes angular acceleration

A

Otolith Organs

92
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Anterior, Posterior, Lateral Canals; Uses Crista Ampullaris with Cupula and Hair cells; Detects changes in the rate an direction of rotation of the head; For angular acceleration alone; Also has a predictive function in the maintenance of equilibrium

A

Semicircular Canals

93
Q

Number of Taste Receptors (Chemoreceptors) Cells

A

50-150 (Lasts 10 days and continuously replaced) NOT true neurons

94
Q

Found on the Anterior and Lateral Part of the Tongue

A

Fungiform & Foliate papillae

95
Q

Found on the base of the Tongue

A

Circumvallate papillae

96
Q

Proteinaceous meaty flavor cause by MSG

A

Umami

97
Q

More sensitive than other tastes; Caused by organic substances like Quinine

A

Bitter Taste

98
Q

Number of Olfactory Chemoreceptors

A

10 million (Lasts for 60 days, continuously replaced) TRUE Neurons

99
Q

Uses unmyelinated Type C fibers; No relay station in the Thalamus

A

Smell

100
Q

At the superior part of the nostril; Also innervated by CN V that detects noxious/painful stimuli

A

Olfactory membrane

Physiology (12 decks)

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