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Motor Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Skeletal muscle type: For muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal

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1
Q

Skeletal muscle type: In muscle spindle

A

Intrafusal

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2
Q

Extrafusal Skeletal Muscle: Larger (2x), faster, Glycolytic, more active (2-3x) enzymes in phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid energy sytem, less active enzymes in aerobic sustem, high myosin ATPase, less mitochondria, in EOMs, fast contration velocity, short duration

A

Fast-Twitch/Fast Glycolytic/White muscle/Type II

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3
Q

Extrafusal Skeletal Muscle: Smaller, slower, Oxidative, less active enzymes in phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid energy sytem, more active enzymes in aerobic sustem, low myosin ATPase, more mitochondria, in Soleus, Anti-gravity muscles of the back, moderate contration velocity, prolonged duration

A

Slow-Twitch/Slow Oxidative/Red Muscle/Type I

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4
Q

Smooth Muscle Type: Act on their own, no Gap junctions, no true Action Potential, Junctional Potential only, no spontaneous contractions (eg: ciliary eye muscle, iris, piloerector muscle, vas deferens)

A

Multi-unit Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle Type: Act together as one, controlled by nerve signals, hormones, stretch, local factors, with Gap junctions, Slow waves, Spike Potentials & Plateau Potentials, exhibit spontaneous contractions (eg: intestines, bile ducts, ureters, uterus)

A

Unitary Smooth Muscle (aka Syncytial Smooth Muscle, Visceral Smooth Muscle)

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6
Q

Rhythmic, Intermittent Smooth Muscle (eg: walls of the GI and Urogenital Tracts)

A

Phasic Smooth Muscle

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7
Q

Continuously Active Smooth Muscle (eg: vascular smooth muscle, respiratory smooth muscle, sphincters)

A

Tonic Smooth Muscle

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8
Q

Surrounds muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Surrounds muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

Surrounds skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

Plasma membrane that surrounds muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Transverse Tubules

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibril that contains Calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Functional unit of the muscle; Area between 2 Z lines; Exhibited by skeletal and cardiac muscles; Has thick and thin filaments

A

Sarcomere

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15
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

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16
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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17
Q

Attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

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18
Q

Inhibits Actin-Myosin binding

A

Troponin I

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19
Q

Calcium binding protein

A

Troponin C

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20
Q

Tethers Myosin to Z lines (scaffolding); Binds Z lines to M lines

A

Titin

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21
Q

Stabilizes Sarcolemma & prevents contraction-induced rupture

A

Dystrophin

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22
Q

Binds Actin to Z lines

A

Actinin, Capz Protein

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23
Q

Binds Z lines to Sarcolemma

A

Desmin

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24
Act as a molecular ruler that sets the length of actin during assembly
Nebulin
25
Involves motor neurons & extrafusal fibers; Demonstrated by the Sliding-Filament Model
Skeletal Muscle Contration
26
Actin & Myosin Interaction
Cross-Bridge Formation
27
Thin filaments "slides" against the thick filaments towards the center of the sarcomere
Sliding Filament Model
28
What is the distance achieved in each cross-bridge cycle?
10 nanometers
29
True or False: All muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber
True
30
"Final common pathway" or "Lower motor neuron"
Alpha motor neuron
31
Small Motor Units are recruited first before Big Motor Units
Size Principle
32
Multiple Fiber Summation
Spatial Summation
33
Frequency Summation
Temporal Summation
34
Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation producing stronger contraction each time
Staircase (Treppe) Effect
35
Basic for Treppe Effect
Ca2+ accumulation pH changes Increase temperature
36
Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction when Ca2+ is all used up
Tetany
37
Which tetanizes at lower stimulus frequency?
Slow twitch muscle
38
Which has a larger maximal force during tetany?
Fast twitch muscle
39
Tension developed when muscle is stretched INCREASES
Passive Tension
40
Tension developed when muscle is stretched DECREASES
Active Tension
41
Force of contraction developed when muscle is stretched
Increases
42
Active Tension reflect what?
of cross-bridges that cycle
43
Velocity of contraction reflect what?
Speed of cross-bridge cycling
44
What happens to velocity of contraction if afterload is increased?
Velocity of contraction decreases
45
Length is held constant; No muscle shortening or lengthening (eg: pushing against the wall)
Isometric Contraction
46
Load is held constant; With muscle shortening/lengthening
Isotonic Contraction
47
With muscle shortening (eg: pulling a weight up)
Concentric Contraction
48
With muscle lengthening (eg: lowering a weight down)
Eccentric Contraction
49
Protective mechanism to prevent muscle cell injury or death; Directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate stores and accumulation of lactic acid
Muscle Fatigue
50
Exhibits atrial and ventricular syncytium; Relies on both extra- & intra- cellular calcium
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
51
Cardiac Action Potential: Due to Na+ influx
Phase 0
52
Cardiac Action Potential: Brief period of repolarization; Due to K+ influx
Phase 1
53
Cardiac Action Potential: Plateau of Action Potential; Due to Ca2+ influx
Phase 2
54
Cardiac Action Potential: Repolarization; Decrease Ca2+ influx and increased K+ efflux
Phase 3
55
Cardiac Action Potential: Resting Membrane Potential
Phase 4
56
Calcium Regulation of Cardiac Muscles: Increases intracellular Calcium
Calcium Channels
57
Calcium Regulation of Cardiac Muscles: Decreases intracellular Calcium
3Na+-1Ca2+ Countertransport | Ca-ATPase pump
58
More developed Transverse Tubule
Cardiac muscle
59
More developed Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Skeletal muscle
60
Electromechanical Coupling in Cardiac muscle
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release
61
Electromechanical Coupling in Skeletal muscle
DHPT and RYR interaction
62
Location of Transverse Tubules of Cardiac muscle
In the Z lines
63
Location of Transverse Tubules of Skeletal muscle
Ends of I band
64
(+) Syncytium
Cardiac muscle
65
(+) Tetany
Skeletal muscle
66
Why is there no tetany in Cardiac muscles?
Due to the long Refractory Period brought about by Phase 2
67
Equivalent to Troponin I; Phosphorylated (inhibited) by Ca-Calmodulin Complex
Caldesmon, Calponin
68
Similar to Z discs of Skeletal muscles
Dense Bodies
69
Rudimentary compared to skeletal muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
70
Rudimentary T-tubules
Caveoli
71
Connect dense bodies with cytoskeletal network
Intermediate Filaments (Desmin, Vimentin)
72
Uses more ATP
Skeletal muscles
73
Faster onset of contraction
Skeletal muscles
74
Longer duration of contraction
Smooth muscles
75
Stronger force of contraction (4-6kg/cm2)
Smooth muscles
76
For Extrafusal fibers of Anterior Motor Neuron
Alpha motor neuron
77
For Intrafusal fibers of Anterior Motor Neuron
Gamma motor neuron
78
Spinal cord neuron that connects up, down & with each other
Interneurons
79
Synapse with pool of motor neurons by which they are stimulated; Predominantly inhibitory; Facilitate lateral inhibition
Renshaw Cell
80
Sense of awareness of position of the body in space
Proprioception
81
Mechanoreceptors that provide the CNS with information regarding muscle length, position, & tension (force)
Proprioceptors
82
Arranged in a parallel manner to extrafusal muscle fibers; Detects changes in muscle length & rate of change of muscle length
Muscle Spindles
83
Arranged in a series manner to extrafusal muscle fibers; Detects changes in muscle tension
Golgi Tendon
84
"The silent area of the brain"; Sequences motor activity; Monitors and adjusts motor activities; Helps in planning sequential movement
Cerebellum
85
Functional Unit of Cerebellum
Purkinje (middle layer-always inhibitory) and Deep Nuclear Cell

Physiology (12 decks)

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