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Physiology > Motor Physiology > Flashcards

Motor Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Skeletal muscle type: For muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal

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1
Q

Skeletal muscle type: In muscle spindle

A

Intrafusal

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2
Q

Extrafusal Skeletal Muscle: Larger (2x), faster, Glycolytic, more active (2-3x) enzymes in phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid energy sytem, less active enzymes in aerobic sustem, high myosin ATPase, less mitochondria, in EOMs, fast contration velocity, short duration

A

Fast-Twitch/Fast Glycolytic/White muscle/Type II

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3
Q

Extrafusal Skeletal Muscle: Smaller, slower, Oxidative, less active enzymes in phosphagen & glycogen-lactic acid energy sytem, more active enzymes in aerobic sustem, low myosin ATPase, more mitochondria, in Soleus, Anti-gravity muscles of the back, moderate contration velocity, prolonged duration

A

Slow-Twitch/Slow Oxidative/Red Muscle/Type I

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4
Q

Smooth Muscle Type: Act on their own, no Gap junctions, no true Action Potential, Junctional Potential only, no spontaneous contractions (eg: ciliary eye muscle, iris, piloerector muscle, vas deferens)

A

Multi-unit Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle Type: Act together as one, controlled by nerve signals, hormones, stretch, local factors, with Gap junctions, Slow waves, Spike Potentials & Plateau Potentials, exhibit spontaneous contractions (eg: intestines, bile ducts, ureters, uterus)

A

Unitary Smooth Muscle (aka Syncytial Smooth Muscle, Visceral Smooth Muscle)

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6
Q

Rhythmic, Intermittent Smooth Muscle (eg: walls of the GI and Urogenital Tracts)

A

Phasic Smooth Muscle

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7
Q

Continuously Active Smooth Muscle (eg: vascular smooth muscle, respiratory smooth muscle, sphincters)

A

Tonic Smooth Muscle

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8
Q

Surrounds muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Surrounds muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

Surrounds skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

Plasma membrane that surrounds muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Transverse Tubules

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibril that contains Calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Functional unit of the muscle; Area between 2 Z lines; Exhibited by skeletal and cardiac muscles; Has thick and thin filaments

A

Sarcomere

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15
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

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16
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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17
Q

Attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

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18
Q

Inhibits Actin-Myosin binding

A

Troponin I

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19
Q

Calcium binding protein

A

Troponin C

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20
Q

Tethers Myosin to Z lines (scaffolding); Binds Z lines to M lines

A

Titin

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21
Q

Stabilizes Sarcolemma & prevents contraction-induced rupture

A

Dystrophin

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22
Q

Binds Actin to Z lines

A

Actinin, Capz Protein

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23
Q

Binds Z lines to Sarcolemma

A

Desmin

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24
Q

Act as a molecular ruler that sets the length of actin during assembly

A

Nebulin

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25
Q

Involves motor neurons & extrafusal fibers; Demonstrated by the Sliding-Filament Model

A

Skeletal Muscle Contration

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26
Q

Actin & Myosin Interaction

A

Cross-Bridge Formation

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27
Q

Thin filaments “slides” against the thick filaments towards the center of the sarcomere

A

Sliding Filament Model

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28
Q

What is the distance achieved in each cross-bridge cycle?

A

10 nanometers

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29
Q

True or False: All muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber

A

True

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30
Q

“Final common pathway” or “Lower motor neuron”

A

Alpha motor neuron

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31
Q

Small Motor Units are recruited first before Big Motor Units

A

Size Principle

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32
Q

Multiple Fiber Summation

A

Spatial Summation

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33
Q

Frequency Summation

A

Temporal Summation

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34
Q

Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation producing stronger contraction each time

A

Staircase (Treppe) Effect

35
Q

Basic for Treppe Effect

A

Ca2+ accumulation
pH changes
Increase temperature

36
Q

Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction when Ca2+ is all used up

A

Tetany

37
Q

Which tetanizes at lower stimulus frequency?

A

Slow twitch muscle

38
Q

Which has a larger maximal force during tetany?

A

Fast twitch muscle

39
Q

Tension developed when muscle is stretched INCREASES

A

Passive Tension

40
Q

Tension developed when muscle is stretched DECREASES

A

Active Tension

41
Q

Force of contraction developed when muscle is stretched

A

Increases

42
Q

Active Tension reflect what?

A

of cross-bridges that cycle

43
Q

Velocity of contraction reflect what?

A

Speed of cross-bridge cycling

44
Q

What happens to velocity of contraction if afterload is increased?

A

Velocity of contraction decreases

45
Q

Length is held constant; No muscle shortening or lengthening (eg: pushing against the wall)

A

Isometric Contraction

46
Q

Load is held constant; With muscle shortening/lengthening

A

Isotonic Contraction

47
Q

With muscle shortening (eg: pulling a weight up)

A

Concentric Contraction

48
Q

With muscle lengthening (eg: lowering a weight down)

A

Eccentric Contraction

49
Q

Protective mechanism to prevent muscle cell injury or death; Directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate stores and accumulation of lactic acid

A

Muscle Fatigue

50
Q

Exhibits atrial and ventricular syncytium; Relies on both extra- & intra- cellular calcium

A

Cardiac Muscle Contraction

51
Q

Cardiac Action Potential: Due to Na+ influx

A

Phase 0

52
Q

Cardiac Action Potential: Brief period of repolarization; Due to K+ influx

A

Phase 1

53
Q

Cardiac Action Potential: Plateau of Action Potential; Due to Ca2+ influx

A

Phase 2

54
Q

Cardiac Action Potential: Repolarization; Decrease Ca2+ influx and increased K+ efflux

A

Phase 3

55
Q

Cardiac Action Potential: Resting Membrane Potential

A

Phase 4

56
Q

Calcium Regulation of Cardiac Muscles: Increases intracellular Calcium

A

Calcium Channels

57
Q

Calcium Regulation of Cardiac Muscles: Decreases intracellular Calcium

A

3Na+-1Ca2+ Countertransport

Ca-ATPase pump

58
Q

More developed Transverse Tubule

A

Cardiac muscle

59
Q

More developed Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Skeletal muscle

60
Q

Electromechanical Coupling in Cardiac muscle

A

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release

61
Q

Electromechanical Coupling in Skeletal muscle

A

DHPT and RYR interaction

62
Q

Location of Transverse Tubules of Cardiac muscle

A

In the Z lines

63
Q

Location of Transverse Tubules of Skeletal muscle

A

Ends of I band

64
Q

(+) Syncytium

A

Cardiac muscle

65
Q

(+) Tetany

A

Skeletal muscle

66
Q

Why is there no tetany in Cardiac muscles?

A

Due to the long Refractory Period brought about by Phase 2

67
Q

Equivalent to Troponin I; Phosphorylated (inhibited) by Ca-Calmodulin Complex

A

Caldesmon, Calponin

68
Q

Similar to Z discs of Skeletal muscles

A

Dense Bodies

69
Q

Rudimentary compared to skeletal muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

70
Q

Rudimentary T-tubules

A

Caveoli

71
Q

Connect dense bodies with cytoskeletal network

A

Intermediate Filaments (Desmin, Vimentin)

72
Q

Uses more ATP

A

Skeletal muscles

73
Q

Faster onset of contraction

A

Skeletal muscles

74
Q

Longer duration of contraction

A

Smooth muscles

75
Q

Stronger force of contraction (4-6kg/cm2)

A

Smooth muscles

76
Q

For Extrafusal fibers of Anterior Motor Neuron

A

Alpha motor neuron

77
Q

For Intrafusal fibers of Anterior Motor Neuron

A

Gamma motor neuron

78
Q

Spinal cord neuron that connects up, down & with each other

A

Interneurons

79
Q

Synapse with pool of motor neurons by which they are stimulated; Predominantly inhibitory; Facilitate lateral inhibition

A

Renshaw Cell

80
Q

Sense of awareness of position of the body in space

A

Proprioception

81
Q

Mechanoreceptors that provide the CNS with information regarding muscle length, position, & tension (force)

A

Proprioceptors

82
Q

Arranged in a parallel manner to extrafusal muscle fibers; Detects changes in muscle length & rate of change of muscle length

A

Muscle Spindles

83
Q

Arranged in a series manner to extrafusal muscle fibers; Detects changes in muscle tension

A

Golgi Tendon

84
Q

“The silent area of the brain”; Sequences motor activity; Monitors and adjusts motor activities; Helps in planning sequential movement

A

Cerebellum

85
Q

Functional Unit of Cerebellum

A

Purkinje (middle layer-always inhibitory) and Deep Nuclear Cell

Physiology (12 decks)

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