Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

0
Q

Non-permanent Nerve Cell

A

Neuroglia/Glial Cells/Supporting Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Permanent Nerve Cell

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

More numerous: Neurons or Glial Cells?

A

Glial Cells (10:1 ratio)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Produces CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macrophage of the Brain

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regulate ECF ion levels; Provide mechanical support; Part of BBB

A

Astrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Creates myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

Neuroblastoma

Retinoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Receiving portion of the Neuron

A

Dendrites, Cell Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where Action Potential is initiated

A

Axon Hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

Insulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unmyelinated portions of the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Branches of the Axons

A

Neural Fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon Terminal (Boutons/End Feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Space between two Neurons

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Soma to Axon Terminal; Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis

A

Anterograde Axonal Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Axon Terminal to Soma; Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

Retrograde Axonal Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein responsible for Anterograde Axonal Transport

A

Kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Protein responsible for Retrograde Axonal Transport

A

Dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diseases utilizing Retrograde Axonal Transport

A

Tetanus

Botulism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Death of the Axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected

A

Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Changes to the soma after an axon is transected

A

Axonal Reaction/Chromatolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secreted by: Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Basal Ganglia); Synthesis: uses Acetyl CoA and Choline with enzyme: Choline Acetyltransferase; Degradation: produces Acetate and Choline with enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase (Choline is recycled)

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Found mainly in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta & Ventral Tegmental Area; Removed via reuptake by MAO (in pre-synaptic nerve terminals), COMT (in tissues including liver)

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dopamine deficiency

A

Parkinson’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secreted by Locus Ceruleus in the pons & post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system; Control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of wakefulness; Maybe excitatory or inhibitory

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A 
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Melanin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secreted mainly by the Median Raphe of the Brain Stem; Inhibitor of Pain Pathways in the Spinal Cord; “Happy Hormones”; From Tryptophan (W); Converted to Melatonin

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secreted in areas of brain responsible for Long-term behavior and Memory; From Arginine; Short-actin neurotransmitter; Not preformed and stored in vesicles

A

Nitric Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

From Histidine; Located mainly within the tuberomammillary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in spinal interneurons; Increases Chloride influx

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The number #1 Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Brain; Comes from Glutamate; Increases Chloride Influx (GABA-A) or Potassium Efflux (GABA-B)

A

GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The number #1 Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the Brain

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain; Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins

A

Opioid Peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Involved in pain transmission; In specific areas of the brain, primary sensory neurons, GI plexus neurons

A

Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neurotransmitter deficient in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

-70mV; Potential difference that exist across the membrane; Exhibited by almost all cells; Refers to Intracellular Charge

A

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Exhibited by Excitable Cells only (Neurons & Muscle Cells); Stereotypical size and shape; Propagating - non-decremental manner; “All-or-none”

A

Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Basis for Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) & Action Potential (AP)

A

Ion Channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Making the membrane potential less negative

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Making the membrane potential more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Positive charges flowing into the cell

A

Inward current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

Outward current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Membrane potential in which occurrence of Action Potential is inevitable

A

Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is positive

A

Overshoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is more negative than Resting Membrane Potential

A

Undershoot/Hyperpolarizing afterpotential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Period in which Action Potential cannot be elicited

A

Refractory Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nernst Potential for Na and K diffusion

A

+61mV and -94mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Na-K Leak Channels

A

100x more permeable to K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Na-K-ATPase Pump

A

-4mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Opening of Na-Activation gates

A

Sodium Influx (Depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Closure of Na-Inactivation gates and Opening of Potassium gates

A

stop Sodium Influx and Potassium Efflux (Repolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open (Some); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open (All); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Rising phase of Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open

A

Falling phase of Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open

A

Undershoot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons

A

Tetradotoxin, Saxitoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Potassium Channel Blocker of Neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

True or False: Na2+ and K+ gated channels are responsible for all types of Action Potential

A

False (eg: Ca2+ channels seen in muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place

A

Mechanical disturbance, Chemical, Electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Time periods after an Action Potential, during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited

A

Refractory Periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Another Action Potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus; Coincides with almost the entire duration of the action potential

A

Absolute Refractory Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

No Action Potential can occur until the Inactivation Gates open

A

Ionic Basis of Absolute Refractory Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Action Potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided

A

Relative Refractory Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Membrane Potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold; More inward current is required to bring the membrane to threshold

A

Ionic Basis of Relative Refractory Period

69
Q

When a cell is depolarized so SLOWLY such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential

A

Accommodation

70
Q

Effect of Hyperkalemia to heart muscle

A

Depolarizes the Heart

71
Q

Effect of Hypokalemia to heart muscle

A

Hyperpolarizes the Heart (K+ leakage)

72
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential (EPSP)

73
Q

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP)

74
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial Summation

75
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal Summation

76
Q

Repeated stimulation causes response of post-synaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

Nerve Facilitation

77
Q

Increased released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT

A

Long-Term Potentiation (Involved in Memory)

78
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic Fatigue (Due to depletion of NT stores)

79
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Proprioception and Somatic Motor; Thickest (12-30um) and Fastest (70-120m/s)

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-alpha

80
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Touch and Pressure; 5-12um and 30-70m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-beta

81
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Motor to Muscle spindles; 3-6um and 15-30m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-gamma

82
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Cold, Touch; 2-5um and 12-30m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-delta

83
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Preganglionic autonomic; <3um and 3-15m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type B

84
Q

Non-Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Temperature, some Mechanoreception; 0.4-1.2um and 0.5-2m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type C-Dorsal root

85
Q

Non-Myelinated fiber; For Postganglionic sympathetic; 0.3-1.3um and 0.7-2.3m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type C-sympathetic

86
Q

Vasomotor Center, Resoiratory Center (DRG, VRG), Swallowing, Coughing and Vomiting Centers

A

Medulla

87
Q

Micturition Center, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic Centers

A

Pons

88
Q

Relay Center for almost all sensations

A

Thalamus

89
Q

Contributes to Balance

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

Connects the two brain hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum, Anterior Commissure

91
Q

Motor, Personality, Calculation

A

Frontal Lobe

92
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Parietal Lobe

93
Q

Vision

A

Occipital Lobe

94
Q

Hearing, Vestibular processing, recognition of faces, Optic Pathway, (Meyer’s Loop)

A

Temporal Lobe

95
Q

Elaboration of thoughts; Plan complex motor movements

A

Prefrontal Association Area of Cerebral Cortex

96
Q

Plans and creates motor pattern for speech

A

Broca’s Area of Cerebral Cortex

97
Q

Behavior, Emotions, Motivation

A

Limbic Association Area of Cerebral Cortex

98
Q

Storage mechanism for learning; A result of previous neural activity

A

Memory

99
Q

Seconds-to-minutes memory

A

Short-term Memory

100
Q

Days-to-weeks memory

A

Intermediate-term Memory

101
Q

Years-to-lifetime memory

A

Long-term Memory

102
Q

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory; Accelerated an potentiated by Rehearsal

A

Consolidation

103
Q

Does NOT store memory; An important output pathway from reward & punishment centers

A

Hippocampus

104
Q

Loss of short-term memory; Impairment of the ability to form new memories through memorization

A

Anterograde Amnesia (Hippocampal Lesion)

105
Q

Loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection; Person may be able to memorize new things but is unable to recall events or identity prior to the onset

A

Retrograde Amnesia (Thalamic Lesion)

106
Q

Might play a role in helping a person “search” the memory storehouses and “read-out” the memories

A

Thalamus

107
Q

Production of Oxytocin

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

108
Q

Production of Vasopressin

A

Supraoptic Nuclei

109
Q

Satiety Center

A

Ventromedial Nuclei

110
Q

Hunger Center

A

Lateral Nuclei

111
Q

Sweating (Heat release)

A

Anterior Hypothalamic Area

112
Q

Shivering (Heat conversion)

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

113
Q

Reward Center

A

Medial Forebrain Bundle

114
Q

Punishment Center

A

Central Gray Area around the Aqueduct of Sylvius

115
Q

Social inhibition

A

Amygdala

116
Q

Which takes precedence over the other: punishment & fear or pleasure & reward?

A

Punishment & Fear

117
Q

Regulate activity of many physiological processes including heart rte, blood pressure, body core, temperature and blood levels of hormones

A

Biological Clock

118
Q

Cycles of Periodicity shorter than 24 hours (eg: heart beat, respiratory rhythm)

A

Ultradian Rhythms

119
Q

Cycles of Periodicity longer than 24 hours (eg: menstrual cycle, gestation)

A

Infradian Rhythms

120
Q

Cycles of Periodicity that approximate Earth’s rotational period (eg: sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels)

A

Circadian Rhythms

121
Q

Master clock of all biological clocks in the human body; Destruction causes loss of circadian functions

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

122
Q

Implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms; Secretes a hormone called Melatonin that is synthesized from Serotonin

A

Pineal Gland

123
Q

Controlled by sympathetic nerve activity which is regulated by light signals from the retina; Increased during darkness; Inhibited by daylight

A

Melatonin

124
Q

Also known as Jet-lag; Out of synchronization of body clocks with the destination time; Treated with Melatonin or sunlight exposure

A

Desynchronosis

125
Q

Recording of neuronal electrical activity; Important diagnostic tool in Clinical Neurology

A

EEG

126
Q

Awake; Eyes Closed (8-13Hz)

A

Alpha waves

127
Q

Awake; Eyes Open (13-30Hz)

A

Beta waves

128
Q

Brain disorders and degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)

A

Theta waves

129
Q

Deep sleep, Organic Brain Disease, Infants (0.5-4Hz)

A

Delta waves

130
Q

Clinical assessment of brainstem functions in comatose patients use which evoked potential?

A

Auditory Evoked Potential

131
Q

Endogenous periodicity of 25 hours

A

Sleep-wake cycle

132
Q

Due to an active inhibitory process; NOT merely due to fatigue of Reticular Activating System (RAS); Secretion of Muramyl Peptide may be involved

A

Sleep

133
Q

Usually dreamless or unremembered dreams; 10-30% decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and BMR; Increased in GI motility; Difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Alpha, Theta, & Delta waves

A

Slow-wave Sleep

134
Q

With Active Dreaming; occurs every 90 minutes of slow-wave sleep; Increased brain metabolism; Decreased muscle tone, pupillary constriction, active body movements, irregular BP, HR, RR; penile erection, rapid eye movements; More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Beta waves

A

REM Sleep

135
Q

Who among the following dream the most: newborns, young adults, elderly?

A

Newborns (50% REM Sleep)

136
Q

Most metabolic organ

A

Brain

137
Q

Source of energy of Brain

A

Glucose and Ketone bodies only

138
Q

True or False: Brain requires Insulin

A

False

139
Q

Total amount of CSF in the Brain

A

150ml

140
Q

Amount of CSF produced per day

A

500ml

141
Q

Function of CSF

A

Cushioning

142
Q

Consist of Endothelial cells of Cerebral Capillaries, Astrocyte foot processes and Choroid plexus epithelium

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

143
Q

BBB exists in all parts of the brain EXCEPT:

A

Some Areas of Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Area Postrema

144
Q

Aka “Visceral Motor System” or “Vegetative Nervous System”; Assists in maintaining Homeostasis (eg: Baroreceptors and Blood pressure)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

145
Q

Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Thoracic and Lumbar segment of Spinal Cord
Parasympathetic tract: Cell Body of Brainstem, Sacral segment of Spinal Cord

A

Preganglionic Neuron

146
Q

Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Paravertebral or Prevertebral Ganglia
Parasympathetic tract: Cell Body in the Ganglia at the walls of target organs

A

Postganglionic Neuron

147
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, & splanchnic, gastrointestinal tract sphincters, bladder sphincter, radial muscle of iris; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+

A

Alpha-1 Receptors

148
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Gastrointestinal tract wall, Presynaptic adrenergic neurons; Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP

A

Alpha-2 Receptors

149
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Heart, Salivary Glands, Adipose Tissue, Kidney; Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP

A

Beta-1 Receptors

150
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract wall, bladder wall, Bronchioles; stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP

A

Beta-2 Receptors

151
Q

Cholinoreceptors on skeletal muscle, motor end plate (N1), Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS (N2), Adrenal medulla (N2); Opening Na+ and K+ channels (depolarization)

A

Nicotinic Receptors

152
Q

Cholinoreceptors on All effector organs, PNS, Sweat glands, SNS; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+ (M1, M2, M3), decrease adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP (M2, M3)

A

Muscarinic Receptors

153
Q

Mydriasis

A

Sympathetic (Alpha-1)

154
Q

Accommodation (CN III)

A

Parasympathetic

155
Q

Sweating

A

Sympathetic

156
Q

Mucoid Salivation

A

Sympathetic

157
Q

Watery Salivation

A

Parasympathetic

158
Q

Glandular Secretion

A

Parasympathetic

159
Q

Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Contractility

A

Sympathetic (Beta-1)

160
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic

161
Q

GI Motility/Peristalsis

A

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

162
Q

Increased Blood Glucose, Lipids

A

Sympathetic

163
Q

GU & GI sphincter contraction

A

Sympathetic

164
Q

Uterine Contraction

A

Sympathetic (Alpha-1)

165
Q

Urination and Defecation

A

Parasympathetic

166
Q

Vasodilation - Skeletal Muscles

A

Sympathetic (Beta-2)

167
Q

Vasoconstriction - Skin, Splanchnic, Renal, Venous

A

Sympathetic

168
Q

Piloerection

A

Sympathetic

169
Q

Erection

A

Parasympathetic

170
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic (shoot) & Parasympathetic (point)

Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions