Hematologic Physiology Flashcards
0
Q
Plasma minus the clotting proteins
A
Serum
1
Q
Fluid medium of the blood; Non-cellular part of the blood
A
Plasma
2
Q
Plasma Composition: Water
A
90%
3
Q
Plasma Composition: Plasma protein
A
8%
4
Q
Plasma Composition: Inorganic salts
A
1%
5
Q
Plasma Composition: Lipids
A
0.5%
6
Q
Plasma Composition: Sugar
A
0.1%
7
Q
Essential component of clotting system
A
Blood Coagulation Proteins
8
Q
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
A
Albumin
9
Q
Proteases, Anti-proteases, Transport Proteins
A
Alpha Globulins
10
Q
Transferrin & Other Transport Proteins
A
Beta Globulins
11
Q
Immunoglobulins
A
Gamma Globulins
12
Q
Major ECF Cation
A
Na
13
Q
Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion
A
Organic Wastes
14
Q
Process of forming blood elements in the bone marrow
A
Hemopoeisis
15
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week of fetal development
A
Yolk sac/Aorta Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region
16
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd month of fetal development
A
Liver (with minor contributions from spleen, LN)
17
Q
Only sources of blood cells post natally; begins at 4th month
A
Bone marrow
18
Q
All Bone marrow active
A
Birth to Puberty
19
Q
Only Bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of humerus active
A
Age 30 (remaining marrow: yellow, fatty, inactive)
20
Q
Post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant
A
Always abnormal
21
Q
Most abundant blood cells that transport Hemoglobin that carries O2 and CO2, acts an acid-base buffer
A
Erythrocyte (RBC)
22
Q
An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
A
Carbonic anhydrase
23
Q
Normal resting shape of RBC
A
Biconcave disc (due to spectrin) with bag pliability
24
Protein inside the RBC that bonds with Oxygen; Composed of 4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Hemoglobin
25
The % of cells in whole blood
Hematocrit
26
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?
4 molecules of O2
27
Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being
HbA (Hemoglobin A)
28
Has a higher affinity for O2 compared to HbA
HbF (Fetal Hemoglobin)
29
An essential metallic component of Heme
Iron
30
Total iron in the body
4-5g
31
RBC Formation: With nucleus, ER reabsorbed
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
32
RBC Formation: Baby RBCs; Without nucleus, With remnants of Golgi, Mitochondria and other organelles
Reticulocytes
33
Hormone stimulating RBC production
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
34
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
35
Effect of EPO is seen after
5 days
36
Last RBC stage with nucleus
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
37
RBC stage released to the blood
Reticulocytes
38
Time to convert reticulocytes to RBC
1-2 days
39
Characteristic of Mature RBCs
No nucleus, mitochondria, ER
40
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days (adult), 90 days (fetal)
41
Intravascular destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here
Spleen
42
Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to
Macrophages
43
Fate of Heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
44
Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
Vit B12 and Folic Acid
45
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural deficits
Vit B12 Deficiency
46
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural Tube Disorders
Folic Acid Deficiency
47
Needed to absorb Vit B12
Intrinsic Factor
48
Sources of Vit B12, Folic Acid
Vit B12: meats
| Folic Acid: Cauliflower, Broccoli
49
Capability of the body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs
Immunity
50
Pre-existing; Not acquired through contact with non-self; Non-specific; Quick; 1st line of Defense
Innate Immunity
51
Antibody mediated or Lymphoid Cells; Occurs after exposure to an antigen; Specific; Delayed response; 2nd line of Defense
Acquired Immunity
52
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid Cells
53
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
54
Production: Granulocytes and Monocytes
Bone marrow
55
Production: LN, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells
56
Lifespan of Granulocytes
4-8 hours in the blood
4-5 days in tissues
Shortened in infections
57
Lifespan of Monocytes
10-20 hours in the blood
| Months in tissues
58
Lifespan of Lymphocytes
Weeks to months
59
Highly lobulated nucleus; Most common type of WBC; Acute inflammatory response to tissue injury
Neutrophils
60
Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye; Weak phagocytes; For Parasitic infections and Allergic Reactions
Eosinophils
61
Bilobed or trilobed nucleus, largely densely basophilic (blue) granules; Least common type; With functional similarities to Mast Cells; Produces histamine, heparin
Basophils
62
Eccentrically placed nucleus; Largest WBC; Macrophages in tissues; Resident phagocytes
Monocytes
63
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm; 2nd most common type; Adaptive immunity cells; T cell (Thymus), B cell (Bone marrow); Smallest WBC
Lymphocytes
64
Small, non-nucleated cells from Megakaryocytes; Involved in Hemostasis; Life span: 7-10 days
Platelets
65
Movement of Neutrophils and Macrophages towards Chemical signal?
Chemotaxis
66
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?
Diapedesis
67
Release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast Cells
68
1st line of defense; Present within minutes; Identifies the pathogen then phagocytosis
Tissue Macrophages
69
2nd line of defense; Will start migrating in response to inflammatory cytokines; Cause phagocytosis
Neutrophils
70
3rd line of defense; Blood monocytes (inactive) are converted to tissues: Macrophage (active); Response time: at least 8 hours
Monocytes
71
4th line of defense; Takes 3-4 days; Mediated by TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
Increased Monocytes and Granulocyte production by BM
72
Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens
Pus
73
Caused by special immune system that forms Antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin
Adaptive Immunity
74
Are gamma globulins called immunoglobulins; 20% of plasma protein; Formed by Plasma Cells (activated B cells)
Antibodies
75
Determines specificity of Antigen
Variable portion
76
Determines other properties of antibodies
Constant portion
77
Divalent antibody, 75% antibodies (most abundant); Predominant antibody in secondary responses; Smallest (only one able to cross the placenta)
IgG
78
Main immunoglobulin concerned with primary immune response; Present on all uncommitted B cells; Largest
IgM
79
Main immunoglobulin un secretions (milk, saliva, tears, respiratory, intestinal and genital tract)
IgA
80
Antibody mediated allergies and hypersensitivity
IgE
81
Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes
IgD
82
Clumping
Agglutination
83
Insoluble antigen-antibody complex
Precipitation
84
AB covers the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
Neutralization
85
Rupture of the agent
Lysis
86
Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
Opsonization
87
Perforate foreign organisms
Membrane Attack Complex
88
Which complement is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
89
Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?
C3a, C4a, C5a
90
Which complement is chemotactic to WBCs?
C5a
91
Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
92
Most numerous of T cells; Various "helper" functions; Regulatory function of lymphokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma)
Helper T cell
93
Direct attack cell capable of killing microorganisms; Create "holes" (perforins); Targets virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells
Cytotoxic T cell
94
"Peacekeeper"; Regulatory function by suppressing action of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person's own body tissue
Suppressor T cells
95
Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live attenuated infectious agents); Long term protection, slow onset of action
Active Immunity
96
Administration of antibodies (in antisera) in a vaccine; Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies; Short life span of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction
Passive Immunity
97
N-Acetyl-Galactosamine
Blood Type A
98
Galactose
Blood Type B
99
Both N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose
Blood Type AB
100
None (No N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose)
Blood Type O
101
Has D antigen
Rh (+)
102
No D antigen
Rh (-)
103
Determined by genotype from parents
Agglutinogens
104
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria; Either IgM or IgG; Has multiple binding sites for agglutinogens
Agglutinins
105
Types of Organ Transplantation: Self
Autograft
106
Types of Organ Transplantation: Twin
Isograft/Syngeneic Graft
107
Types of Organ Transplantation: Same species
Allograft
108
Types of Organ Transplantation: Other species
Xenograft
109
Responsible for graft rejection
T cells
110
Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured
Hemostasis
111
Smooth muscles in the blood vessel contracts after trauma
Vascular constriction (1st Step)
112
With Platelet Adhesion and Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Plug Formation (2nd Step)
113
For platelet adhesion
vWF
| Glycoprotein 1b
114
For platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen
| Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa
115
Cascade of chemical reactions in response to vessel damage/trauma to blood results in formation of Prothrombin Activator
Blood Coagulation (3rd Step)
116
Converts Prothrombin to Thrombin
Prothrombin Activator
117
Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Thrombin
118
Acts as a net/meshwork; Trap platelets, blood cells and plasma; Adhere to damage endothelium
Fibrin
119
Due to trauma to the vascular walls; Faster (more explosive); Initiated by Tissue Factor (Factor VII, X, V)
Extrinsic pathway
120
Due to trauma to the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls; Slower; Initiated by Factor XII and Platelets (Factor XII, XI, IX, VIII)
Intrinsic pathway
121
Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Factor X and V
122
Factor I
Fibrinogen
123
Factor II
Prothrombin
124
Factor III
Tissue Factor; Tissue Thromboplastin
125
Factor IV
Calcium
126
Factor V
Proaccelerin; Labile Factor( Ac-globulin
127
Factor VII
Serum Prothrombin Conversion Accelerator; Proconvertin; Stable Factor
128
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic Factor; Antihemophilic Globulin; Antihemophilic Factor A
129
Factor IX
Plasma Thromboplastin Component; Christmas Factor; Antihemophilic Factor B
130
Factor X
Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor
131
Factor XI
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent; Antihemophilic Factor C
132
Factor XII
Hageman Factor
133
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing Factor
134
Prekallikrein
Fletcher Factor
135
HMW Kininogen
Fitzgerald Factor; HMWK
136
Formation of Fibrous Tissue or Dissolution clot
Resolution (4th Step)
137
Converts Plasminogen/Profibrinolysin to Plasmin/Fibrinolysin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
