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Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

How many alveoli are present in the respiratory system?

A

500 million

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1
Q

How many generation of airways do you find in the respiratory system?

A

23

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2
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on smooth muscle of the airways?

A

Smooth Muscle Relaxation (Beta-2)

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3
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on smooth muscle of the airways?

A

Smooth Muscle Contraction (Muscarinic)

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4
Q

No gas exchange; Transports gas to the lungs; Nose to Terminal Bronchioles

A

Conducting Zone

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5
Q

Areas of gas exchange; Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar sacs

A

Respiratory Zone

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6
Q

96-98% of surface area; For gas exchange

A

Type I Pneumocyte

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7
Q

2-4% of surface area; For surfactant production

A

Type II Pneumocyte

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8
Q

Keep alveoli free of dust and debris

A

Alveolar macrophages

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9
Q

Produce mucus

A

Goblet cells, Submucosal Glands

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10
Q

May play a re in epithelial regeneration after injury by secreting protective GAGs

A

Clara Cells (Club Cells)

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11
Q

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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12
Q

Carries oxygenation blood to the lungs

A

Bronchial Circulation

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13
Q

4 Basic Lung volumes

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)

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14
Q

What is a Lung Capacity?

A

Sum of two or more lung volumes (Inspiratory Capacity (IC), Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), Vital Capacity (VC), Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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15
Q

How do you measure lung Volumes and Capacities?

A

Spirometry

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16
Q

Only Lung Volume that cannot be measured directly by spirometry?

A

Residual Volume, FRC, TLC

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17
Q

Amount of Air inspired/expired during quiet breathing?

A

Tidal Volume 500ml: 150ml in the conducting zone, 350ml in the respiratory zone

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18
Q

Differences in terms of Lung Volumes and Capacities among sexes?

A

20-25% lower in females

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19
Q

Maintains oxygenation in between breaths?

A

Residual Volume

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20
Q

Equilibrium or Resting Volume of the Lungs?

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) (marker of Lung function)

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21
Q

Factors that increases Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

Body size, Male gender, Physical Conditioning, youth

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22
Q

Anatomic Dead Space + Alveolar Dead Space; Total volume of the lungs that does NOT participate in gas exchange

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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23
Q

Air in the conducting zone

A

Anatomic Dead Space (150ml)

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24
Q

Air in the alveoli not participating in gas exchange due to V/Q mismatch (0ml)

A

Alveolar Dead Space

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25
Q

Volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time

A

Ventilation Rate

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26
Q

Total rate of air movement in/out of the lungs

A

Minute Ventilation

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27
Q

Minute ventilation corrected for physiologic dead space

A

Alveolar Ventilation

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28
Q

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in patients with obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A

Decreased

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29
Q

What is the FEV1/FVC ratio of a healthy person?

A

0.8

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30
Q

What happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio in patients with obstructive and restrictive lung diseases respectively?

A

Obstructive: Decreased
Restrictive: Normal to Increased

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31
Q

Normal Inspiration

A

Active (Diaphragm)

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32
Q

Forced Inspiration

A

External Intercostals

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33
Q

Normal Expiration

A

Passive

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34
Q

Forced Expiration

A

Internal Intercostals

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35
Q

Change in volume for a given change in pressure?

A

Compliance

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36
Q

What do you call the difference between compliance curves during inspiration and expiration of an air-filled lung?

A

Hysteresis

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37
Q

What is the basis for hysteresis?

A

Surface tension at air-liquid interface

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38
Q

Loss of elastic fiber, increased compliance, decreased elasticity, increased FRC, barrel-shaped chest

A

Emphysema

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39
Q

Stiffening of lung tissue, decreased compliance, increased elasticity, decreased FRC

A

Fibrosis

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40
Q

Force caused by water molecules at the air-liquid interface that tends to minimize surface area

A

Surface Tension

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41
Q

Active Component

A

DPPC (main component: water)

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42
Q

Mechanism of DPPC reducing surface tension

A

Amphiphatic Nature (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

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43
Q

Effect of surfactant on lung compliance

A

Increases

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44
Q

Start of and maturation of surfactant levels respectively

A

24th and 35th week

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45
Q

Test, Treatment for RDS?

A

Amniotic L-S Ratio; Steroids; Surfactant

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46
Q

Formula for Airflow

A

Ohm’s Law

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47
Q

Formula for Airway Resistance?

A

Poiseuille’s Law

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48
Q

Factors in airway resistance?

A

Sympathetic: decreases
Parasympathetic: increases
Lung volume: decreases
Viscosity of inspired air: increases

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49
Q

Formula for transpulmonary pressure

A

Alveolar pressure-Intrapleural pressure

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50
Q

If transpulmonary pressure is positive

A

Lungs expand

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51
Q

If transpulmonary pressure is negative

A

Lungs collapse

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52
Q

Transpulmonary pressure in healthy persons

A

Positive (lungs always open)

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53
Q

Transpulmonary pressure in patients with emphysema during forced expiration

A

Negative (lungs collapse)

54
Q

Law implying that an increase in Lung Volume will decrease pressure?

A

Boyle’s Law

55
Q

Law of mixed gases?

A

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

56
Q

Law of gases dissolved in solution?

A

Henry’s law for concentration of dissolved gases

57
Q

Law for transfer of gases through simple diffusion in cell membranes or capillary walls?

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

58
Q

Driving force for diffusion

A

Partial Pressure Difference

59
Q

Ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange as between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood

A

Diffusing Capacity

60
Q

Diffusing capacity for O2

A

At rest: 21ml/min/mmHg

Maximal exercise: 65ml/min/mmHg

61
Q

Diffusing capacity for CO2

A

At rest: 400-450ml/min/mmHg

Maximal exercise: 1200-1300ml/min/mmHg

62
Q

What are the forms of gases in solutions?

A

Dissolved gas, Bound gas, Chemically Modified gas

63
Q

What is the only form of gas that contributes to partial pressure?

A

Dissolved gas

64
Q

What is the only gas in inspired air found exclusively as dissolved gas?

A

Nitrogen

65
Q

Difference between arterial PAO2 and PaO2; Normally very small; Increases in cases of large physiologic shunt

A

A-a gradient

66
Q

Gas equilibrates with the pulmonary capillary near the start of the pulmonary capillary; Diffusion of gas increased only by increasing blood flow

A

Perfusion-Limited Gas Exchange

67
Q

Gas does Not equilibrate even until the end of the pulmonary capillary; CO and O2 during strenuous exercise and disease states

A

Diffusion-Limited Gas Exchange

68
Q

Normal O2 Transport

A

Perfusion-limited

69
Q

Equilibration of O2 at sea level occurs at

A

1/3 the distance of Pulmonary Capillary

70
Q

O2 transport in strenuous exercise, disease states

A

Diffusion-limited

71
Q

O2 Transport in high altitude

A

Slower equilibration

72
Q

Equilibration of O2 at high altitude occurs

A

2/3 the distance of Pulmonary Capillary

73
Q

Percentage of Dissolved O2

A

2%

74
Q

Percentage of O2 bound to HgB

A

98%

75
Q

HgB with attached O2

A

Oxyhemoglobin

76
Q

HgB without attached O2

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

77
Q

HgB with Fe3+; Doesn’t bind O2

A

Methemoglobin

78
Q

Alpha2, Gamma2, Higher affinity for O2

A

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)

79
Q

AlphaA2, BetaS2, sickled RBCs, less affinity for O2

A

Hemoglobin S (HbS)

80
Q

Max O2 binding with HgB

A

O2 binding capacity

81
Q

(O2 binding capacity x %saturation) + dissolved O2

A

O2 content

82
Q

Cardiac output x O2 content

A

O2 delivery

83
Q

% of blood that gives up its O2 as it passes through the tissues

A

Utilization Coefficient

84
Q

Sigmoidal in shape; Exhibits Positive Cooperativity

A

O2-HgB Dissociation Curve

85
Q

O2-HgB Dissociation Curve: Increased unloading of O2 to HgB, Increased P50, Due to increased Carbon dioxide, acidosis, 2,3 BPG, exercise & temperature

A

Shift to the RIGHT

86
Q

O2-HgB Dissociation Curve: Increased binding of O2 to HgB, Decreased P50, Due to Increased carbon monoxide, HbF

A

Shift to the LEFT

87
Q

3 main forms of CO2 in the blood

A

Carbaminohemoglobin
Dissolved CO2
HCO3

88
Q

CO2 bound to HgB

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

89
Q

CO bound to HgB

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

90
Q

Cl-HCO3 exchange in the RBC

A

Chloride shift (using Band Three Protein)

91
Q

O2 affecting affinity of CO2/H to HgB

A

Haldane effect

92
Q

CO2/H affecting affinity of O2 to HgB

A

Bohr effect

93
Q

Pulmonary Circulation: Pressure

A

< Systemic Circulation

94
Q

Pulmonary Circulation: Resistance

A

< Systemic Circulation

95
Q

Pulmonary Circulation: Blood Flow

A

= Systemic Circulation

96
Q

Pulmonary Blood Flow: Supine

A

Uniform throughout Lungs

97
Q

Pulmonary Blood Flow: Standing

A

Apex: Lowest; Base: Highest

98
Q

Effect of Hypoxia (low PAO2) on Pulmonary Arteries

A

Vasoconstriction

99
Q

Causes of Pulmonary Global Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

A

High Altitude; Fetal Circulation

100
Q

Other Lung Vasoactive substances

A

TXA2, PGI2

101
Q

Causes Airway constriction

A

Leukotrienes

102
Q

Lung Zones: Local Alveolar Capillary Pressure < Alveolar Air Pressure throughout the cycle

A

Zone 1

103
Q

Lung Zones: Local Alveolar Capillary Systolic Pressure > Alveolar Air Pressure during systole but less than that during diastole

A

Zone 2

104
Q

Lung Zones: Local Alveolar Capillary Pressure > Alveolar Air Pressure throughout the cycle

A

Zone 3

105
Q

What lung zones do we see in the apex of the lungs?

A

Zone 2 and Zone 3

106
Q

What lung zones do we see in the Base of the lungs?

A

Zone 3

107
Q

What lung zones do we see in lying position or during exercise throughout the lungs?

A

Zone 3

108
Q

What lung zones do we see in cases of Pulmonary hemorrhage or Positive pressure ventilation?

A

Zone 1

109
Q

Diverted/rerouted blood flow

A

Shunt

110
Q

Made up of bronchial circulation and coronary circulation

A

Physiologic shunts

111
Q

(+) Hypoxemia, decreased PaO2, cannot be corrected by having the person breathe a high O2 gas

A

Right-to-Left Shunts

112
Q

(-) Hypoxemia, increased PaO2 on the R side of the heart

A

Left-to-Right Shunts

113
Q

Normal V/Q Ratio

A

0.8

114
Q

High V/Q

A

High PO2, Low PCO2

115
Q

Low V/Q

A

Low PO2, High PCO2

116
Q

Creates the basic respiratory rhythm; Contains the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG), Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) and Central Chemoreceptors

A

Medulla

117
Q

Modifies the Basic Respiratory Rhythm; Contains the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers

A

Pons

118
Q

Site of highest ventilation

A

Base of the lungs

119
Q

Site of highest perfusion

A

Base of the lungs

120
Q

Site of highest V/Q ratio

A

Apex of the lungs

121
Q

Ventilated area of the lungs with (-) perfusion (V/Q = infinity); Alveolar gas has same composition as humidified inspired air (PAO2 = 150mmHg & PACO2 = 0)

A

Dead space

122
Q

Perfusion of lungs with no ventilation (V/Q = zero); Pulmonary Capillary blood has sane composition as mixed venous blood: PaO2=40mmHg & PaCO2=46mmHg

A

Shunt

123
Q

Inspiratory Center; Control Basic Rhythm; For normal Inspiration

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

124
Q

Overdrive mechanism during exercise; For forced inspiration and expiration

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

125
Q

Found in the lower pins; For prolonged inspiratory gasp (decreases respiratory rate)

A

Apneustic Center

126
Q

Found in the upper pons; limits time for inspiration (increases respiratory rate)

A

Pneumotaxic Center

127
Q

Found in the ventral medulla; Respond directly to CSF-H (increases RR)

A

Central Chemoreceptors

128
Q

Responds mainly to PaO2 <70mmHg (increases RR); Possibly due to Glomus Cells

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

129
Q

Stimulated by Lung Distension; Initiates Hering-Breuer Reflex that decreases Respiratory Rte by prolonging expiratory time

A

Lung Stretch Receptors

130
Q

Stimulated by Limb movement; Causes anticipatory increase in respiratory rate during exercise

A

Joint & Muscle Receptors

131
Q

True or False: In exercise, itnis hypoxia that drives the increase in ventilation

A

False

132
Q

Stimulated by noxious chemicals; Causes bronchoconstriction and increases the RR

A

Irritant Receptors

133
Q

Found in Juxtacapillary areas; Stimulated by pulmonary capillary engorgement; Causes rapid shallow breathing and responsible for feeling of dyspnea

A

J Receptors

Physiology (12 decks)

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