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Physiology > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

For motility; Between inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle layers

A

Myenteric Plexus/Auerbach’s Plexus

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1
Q

For secretion, absorption & contraction of muscularis mucosae; Between submucosal and inner circular muscle layer

A

Submucosal Plexus/Meissner’s Plexus

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2
Q

Which layer is NOT seen in the esophagus?

A

Serosa

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3
Q

Strongest layer of the esophagus?

A

Submucosa

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4
Q

3 muscle layers are found in the stomach instead of two. What are theses muscle layers?

A

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

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5
Q

The myenteric plexus is mainly excitatory except for which regions?

A

Pyloric sphincter and Ileocecal valve

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6
Q

From G cells in the Antrum of Stomach; Increases Gastric H+ secretion

A

Gastrin

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7
Q

From S cells in the duodenum; Increases Pancreatic HCO3 secretions

A

Secretin

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8
Q

From I cells in the Duodenum & Jejunum; Stimulates GB contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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9
Q

From K cells in the Duodenum; Increases insulin secretion

A

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)

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10
Q

From M cells in the Duodenum & Jejunum; Stimulates in times of fasting

A

Motilin

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11
Q

Form of Gastrin is secreted in response to a meal

A

Little Gastrin (17 AA)

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12
Q

Form of Gastrin is secreted in the interdigestive period

A

Big Gastrin (34 AA)

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13
Q

Most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion

A

Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine

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14
Q

Neurocrine from vagus nerve to G cells

A

GRP/Bombesin

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15
Q

GI hormone classified as an Incretin

A

GIP, GLP-1

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16
Q

GI hormone responsible for interdigestive myoelectric complex

A

Motilin

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17
Q

Secreted by pancreas in response to CHO, CHON, lipids; Inhibits pancreatic HCO3 & enzymes

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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18
Q

Secreted by intestinal cells in response to Hypoglycemia; Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Enteroglucagon

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19
Q

Secreted by cells throughout the GI tract in response to H; Inhibits release of ALL GI hormones, gastric H secretion

A

Somatostatin

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20
Q

Secreted by mast cells of gastric mucosa; Increases H secretion; potentiates gastrin and Ach action

A

Histamine

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21
Q

Inhibits appetite; Found on the Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Satiety Center

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22
Q

Stimulates appetite; Found at the Lateral Hypothalamic area

A

Appetite/Hunger Center

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23
Q

Sends signals to satiety & hunger center

A

Arcuate nucleus

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24
Q

Releases POMC to decrease appetite

A

Anorexigenic Neurons

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25
Q

Releases Neuropeptide Y to increase appetite

A

Orexigenic Neurons

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26
Q

Stimulates Anorexigenic Neurons, Inhibits Orexigenic Neurons

A

Lepton (Fat Cells), Insulin, GLP-1

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27
Q

Inhibits Anorexigenic Neurons

A

Ghrelin (Gastric Cells)

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28
Q

Inhibits Ghrelin

A

Peptide YY (PYY)

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29
Q

GI pacemaker

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

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30
Q

What is the most common stimulus for GI Peristalsis?

A

Distention

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31
Q

What is the Myenteric Reflex?

A

Muscles upstream contract, Muscles downstream exhibit Receptive Relaxation

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32
Q

What is the Law of the Gut?

A

Myenteric Reflex + Anal Direction of Peristalsis

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33
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from pylorus to ileocecal valve?

A

3-5 hours

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34
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from ileocecal valve to colon?

A

8-15 hours

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35
Q

Swallowing Center

A

Medulla

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36
Q

Triggers reflex when food is at the pharynx

A

Oral Phase

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37
Q

Soft palate pulled upward (closes nasopharynx), glottis covered (prevents aspiration), Upper Esophageal sphincter (UES) relaxes

A

Pharyngeal Phase

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38
Q

UES closes, Primary and Secondary Esophageal Peristalsis occurs

A

Esophageal Phase

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39
Q

Creates high pressure behind bolus of food propelling it towards the stomach; Accelerated by gravity

A

Primary Peristaltic Contraction

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40
Q

Clears Esophagus of remaining food

A

Secondary Peristaltic Contraction

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41
Q

Capacity of Stomach

A

1.5L

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42
Q

Increases distensibility of orad stomach

A

CCK

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43
Q

Contraction of caudad stomach and pyloric sphincter

A

Retropulsion

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44
Q

Propelling food from stomach to duodenum

A

Gastric Emptying

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45
Q

Duration of Gastric Emptying

A

3 hours

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46
Q

Back-and-forth movement with no net forward motion; Mixes chyme with pancreatic enzymes

A

Segmentation Contraction

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47
Q

Propels chyme towards large intestines

A

Peristaltic Contraction

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48
Q

Saclike segments due to segmental contractions of the large intestines

A

Haustra

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49
Q

Colon: For absorption of water

A

Proximal Colon

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50
Q

Colon: For storage of Feces

A

Distal Colon

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51
Q

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the ileum and relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter

A

Gastroileal Reflex

52
Q

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the colon and frequency of mass movements

A

Gastrocolic Reflex

53
Q

Wave of reverse peristalsis that begins from the small intestines

A

Vomiting

54
Q

Vomiting Center

A

Medulla

55
Q

Incomplete vomiting; Closed UES

A

Retching

56
Q

Daily volume of Saliva

A

1000ml

57
Q

Daily volume of Gastric Secretion

A

1500ml

58
Q

Daily volume of Pancreatic Secretion

A

1000ml

59
Q

Daily volume of Bile

A

1000ml

60
Q

Daily volume of S.I. Secretion

A

1800ml

61
Q

Daily volume of Brunner’s Gland Secretion

A

200ml

62
Q

Daily volume of L.I. Secretion

A

200ml

63
Q

pH of Gastric Secretion

A

1.0-3.5

64
Q

pH of Saliva

A

6.0-7.0

65
Q

pH of Pancreatic Secretion

A

8.0-8.3

66
Q

pH of Bile

A

7.8

67
Q

pH of S.I. Secretion

A

7.5-8.0

68
Q

pH of Brunner’s Gland Secretion

A

8.0-8.9

69
Q

pH of L.I. Secretion

A

7.5-8.0

70
Q

Serous secretion

A

Parotid Gland

71
Q

Mixed secretions

A

Submandibular, Sublingual Gland

72
Q

Effect of Parasympathetic NS and Sympathetic NS

A

Increases Salivation

73
Q

Final saliva is High in

A

HCO3 & K

74
Q

Final saliva is Low in

A

Na & Cl

75
Q

At high flow rates, saliva has

A

High Na, Cl, & HCO3; Low K

76
Q

At low flow rates, saliva is

A

Low Na, Cl, & HCO3; High K

77
Q

Cells that create Initial saliva

A

Acinar Cells

78
Q

Cells that modifies initial saliva

A

Ductal Cells

79
Q

Hormone involved in ductal cells

A

Aldosterone

80
Q

Contains Mucus Neck Cells, Parietal Cells and Chief Cells

A

Oxyntic Glands (Body)

81
Q

Contains G Cells, Mucus Cells

A

Pyloric Glands (Antrum)

82
Q

Secretes Mucus and HCO3

A

Mucus cells, Mucus Neck Cells

83
Q

Secretes HCl and IF

A

Parietal/Oxyntic Cells

84
Q

Secretes Gastrin

A

G cells

85
Q

Secretes Serotonin

A

Enterochromaffin Cells

86
Q

Secretes Histamine

A

ECL Cells (Enterochromaffin-like)

87
Q

Secretes Pepsinogen

A

Chief/Peptic Cells

88
Q

What are the 3 substances that stimulate HCl secretion?

A

Histamine acting on H2 receptors
AcH acting on M3 receptors
Gastrin acting on CCK-B receptors

89
Q

What are the inhibitors of HCl secretion?

A

Low pH (<3.0) of the stomach
Somatostatin
Prostaglandins

90
Q

Give examples of anti-muscarinic drug, H2-blocker, PPI?

A

Atropine, Cimetidine, Omeprazole

91
Q

What substances protects the mucosa from HCl and Pepsin?

A

HCO3 and mucus

92
Q

What are the protective factors against PUD?

A

Prostaglandins
Mucosal Blood Flow
Growth Factors

93
Q

What are the damaging factors?

A

H. Pylori, NSAIDs, stress, smoking, alcohol

94
Q

Active component of Bile

A

Bile Acids

95
Q

Emulsify fats, forms micelles for fat absorption, removes cholesterol from the body; Stored and concentrated in the Gallbladder; Release in “pulsatile spurts”

A

Bile

96
Q

Chemical breakdown of ingested foods into absorbable molecules

A

Digestion

97
Q

The movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the lumen of the intestine into the blood

A

Absorption

98
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates: Mouth

A

Ptyalin

99
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates: Stomach

A

None

100
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates: S.I.

A

Pancreatic amylase
Brush border enzymes
Disaccharidases

101
Q

How do you absorb Glucose and Galactose from lumen to intestinal cell?

A

SGLT-1

102
Q

How do you absorb Fructose from lumen to intestinal cell?

A

GLUT-5

103
Q

How do you absorb Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose from lumen to intestinal cell to the blood?

A

GLUT-2

104
Q

Digestion of Proteins: Mouth

A

None

105
Q

Digestion of Proteins: Stomach

A

Pepsin, Denaturation by HCl

106
Q

Digestion of Proteins: S.I.

A

Enterokinases, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidases, Peptidases

107
Q

What is the optimum pH for pepsin activity?

A

pH 1.0-3.0

Inactivated at pH>5.0

108
Q

What is the optimum pH for pancreatic lipase activity?

A

pH 6.0

109
Q

Is Pepsin essential for protein digestion?

A

No

110
Q

Is Trypsin essential for protein digestion?

A

Yes

111
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides: Mouth

A

Lingual Lipase

112
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides: Stomach

A

Lingual lipase activated, Gastric lipase activated, mechanical pulverization of fat, CCK decreasing gastric emptying

113
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides: S.I.

A

Emulsification by bile salts, Pancreatic lipase activated

114
Q

Bile salts inactivates pancreatic lipase. What pancreatic coenzyme is secreted to prevent this from happening?

A

Procolipase to Colipase

115
Q

What is the only product of triglyceride metabolism that is not hydrophobic?

A

Glycerol

116
Q

What type of fatty acids go directly to the portal vein instead of the lacteals?

A

Short chain and medium chain fatty acids

117
Q

What are the causes of steatorrhea?

A 
Pancreatitis/Cystic Fibrosis
Gastrinoma
Ileal resection
Bacterial overgrowth
Tropical sprue/ Gluten- Enteropathy
Abetalipoproteinemia
118
Q

Main site for water absorption

A

Jejunum

119
Q

Potassium is absorbed and secreted at the ff. sites respectively

A

Small intestines, Large intestines

120
Q

Primary ion secreted in the intestinal lumen

A

Chloride (Na and H2O follows)

121
Q

Needed to absorb Vit B12

A

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

122
Q

Needed to absorb Calcium

A

1,25 (OH)2 Cholecalciferol

123
Q

Needed to absorb Iron

A

Vitamin C

124
Q

Part of the metabolism of these vitamins involved colonic flora

A

Vit K, Vit B1, Vit B2, Vit B12

125
Q

Functional unit of the liver; Hexagonal in shape

A

Classic Liver Lobule

126
Q

Liver Acinus Model: High O2 & Nutrients

A

Zone 1 (Periportal)

127
Q

Liver Acinus Model: Low O2 & Nutrients

A

Zone 3 (Centrilobular)

128
Q

Liver Acinus Model: Middle area

A

Zone 2 (Midzonal)

Physiology (12 decks)

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