Cell Physiology Flashcards
0
Q
Powerhouse of the cell
A
Mitochondria
1
Q
Contains DNA, Histones & Chromosomes; has nucleolus
A
Nucleus
2
Q
Involve in detoxification, lipid synthesis, lipid soluble substances; water-soluble substances
A
Agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
3
Q
For synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell
A
Ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
4
Q
For synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria
A
Free-floating Ribosomes
5
Q
For packaging, molecular tagging, and synthesis of hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate
A
Golgi Apparatus
6
Q
Replenishes the cell membrane; may contain proenzymes, NT’s
A
Secretory Vesicles
7
Q
For regression of tissues and Autolysis; Suicide bags of the cells
A
Lysosomes
8
Q
Degrade membrane-associated proteins; not membrane-bound
A
Proteosome
9
Q
Contains oxidases, catalases; for detoxification
A
Peroxisome
10
Q
Site of transcription and processing of rRNA
A
Nucleolus
11
Q
Location of Electron Transport Chain
A
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
12
Q
Unique about the mitochondria
A
Contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally-derived and does not follow genetic code
13
Q
RER & SER are abundant in which organ?
A
Liver
14
Q
Subunits of Ribosomes
A
Prokaryotes: 30s, 50s
Eukaryotes: 40s, 60s
15
Q
Specialized SER in skeletal muscle
A
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
16
Q
Specialized SER in Neurons
A
Nissl Substance
17
Q
Only substance modified in the RER and not in Golgi Apparatus
A
Collagen
18
Q
Added to lysosome-bound proteins by the golgi apparatus
A
Mannose-6-phosphate
19
Q
Lysosomes come from what organelle?
A
Golgi apparatus
20
Q
Peroxisomes come from what organelle?
A
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
21
Q
Wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes?
A
Lipofuscin
22
Q
Motor protein causing transport from center of the cell to the periphery
A
Kinesin
23
Q
Motor protein causing transport from periphery of the cell to the center
A
Dynein
24
Which anti-tumor drugs target the microtubules during mitosis?
Vincristine, Taxol
25
Disease with Dynein missing in cilia and flagella
Kartagener's Syndrome (Situs Inversus, Bronchiectasis, Infertility)
26
What is the explanation for Situs Inversus in Kartagener's Syndrome?
Defective primary cilia
27
Disk-shaped; for firm intercellular adhesions
Macula densa (Desmosomes)
28
Ring-shaped; increases surface area for contact
Zonula adherens (Fascia adherens)
29
Reticular pattern; divides cell into apical and basolateral side
Zonula occludens (Tight junctions)
30
For intercellular communication
Gap junctions
31
Functional unit of Gap junctions
Connexon
32
Movement of substances in both the apical and basolateral side
Transcellular Transport
33
Movement of substances between cells through tight junctions
Paracellular Transport
34
Guardian of the cell that divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments
Cell membrane
35
Mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structure
Cholesterol
36
Anchors protein to outer leaflet
Glycolipid: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
37
Which disease involves a mutation in a gene of Chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?
Cystic Fibrosis
38
Endocytosis: For proteins; requires ATP and extracellular calcium
Pinocytosis
39
Endocytosis: usually receptor-mediated; usually by WBC's and macrophages; for larger substances like bacteria, cell debris, dead cell
Phagocytosis
40
Secretion of Hormones, Neurotransmitters from intracellular vesicles (mediated by SNARE proteins); results in excretion of Residual Body
Exocytosis
41
Predominant Cation in ECF
Na+ (Sodium)
42
Predominant Anion in ECF
Cl- (Chloride)
43
Predominant Cation in ICF
K+ (Potassium)
44
Predominant Anion in ICF
PO4- (Phosphate)
45
In each compartment, total number of Cations should EQUAL total number of Anions
Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality
46
"Where Sodium goes, Water follows..."
90% of the solutes in the ECF is Na+ (Sodium) making it a reasonable indicator for osmolarity
47
Indicator molecule for TBW
Deuterium Oxide, Antipyrine
48
Indicator molecule for ECF
Inulin, Mannitol
49
Indicator molecule for Plasma
124I-Labeled Albumin
50
Osmoles per kilogram of water; Independent of Temperature
Osmolality
51
Osmoles per liter of water; varies with Temperature
Osmolarity
52
Clinical estimate of plasma osmolality can be obtained using:
Sodium concentration
Glucose concentration
Urea concentration
53
Poisoning that increases Osmolar Gap
Alcohol intoxication and Ethylene Glycol poisoning
54
Diffusion of water from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of high solute concentration
Osmosis
55
Driving force of Osmosis that is dependent on number of molecules
Osmotic Pressure
56
Uses impermeate solutes; can change cell volume
Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
57
Uses permeate solutes; can change cell volume only transiently
Isoosmotic, Hyperosmotic, Hypoosmotic
58
Will attract water to itself
Hypertonic solution
59
Will donate water to opposite compartment
Hypotonic solution
60
Example of impermeate solute
Glucose (effective osmole)
61
Example of permeate solute
Urea (ineffective osmole)
62
Effective osmole used in the treatment of brain edema
Mannitol
63
Effect of permeate solutes on osmotic gradient
Decreases osmotic gradient
64
Osmotic pressure from large molecules
Oncotic Pressure
65
Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water
Specific gravity
66
Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane
Reflection Coefficient / Osmotic Coefficient
67
Solute is impermeable
Reflection Coefficient = 1
68
Solute is neither permeable nor impermeable
Reflection Coefficient = between 0 to 1
69
Solute is permeable
Reflection Coefficient = 0
70
Isotonic NaCl infusion; Gain of H2O and Na; Increase in ECF volume
Isoosmotic volume expansion
71
Diarrhea; Loss of H2O and Na; Decrease in ECF volume
Isoosmotic volume contraction
72
High NaCl intake, Conn's syndrome; Gain of Na; Increase in ECF osmolarity and volume; Decrease ICF volume
Hyperosmotic volume expansion
73
Sweating, Fever, Diabetes Insipidus; Loss of H2O; Increase in ECF osmolarity; Decrease in ECF and ICF volume
Hyperosmotic volume contraction
74
SIADH; Gain of H2O; Decrease in ECF osmolarity; Increase in ECF and ICF volume
Hypoosmotic volume expansion
75
Adrenal insufficiency, Diuretics overuse; Loss of Na; Decrease in ECF osmolarity and volume; Increase in ICF volume
Hypoosmotic volume contraction
76
0.9% NaCl (PNSS) or Lactated Ringers (LR); Increases ECF volume exclusively
Isotonic Solution
77
0.45% NaCl or 5% Dextrose in water (D5W); Increases both ECF and ICF volume
Hypotonic Solution
78
3% NaCl or 5% NaCl; Increases ECF volume and Decreases ICF volume
Hypertonic Solution
79
Passive, Downhill transport; Not carrier-mediated, No metabolic energy used, Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Simple Diffusion
80
Passive, Downhill transport; Carrier-mediated, No metabolic energy used, Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
81
Active, Uphill transport; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (direct), Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Primary Active Transport
82
Secondary Active; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (indirect), Dependent on Na+ gradient (solutes move in same direction as Na+ across cell membrane)
Co-transport
83
Secondary Active; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (indirect), Dependent on Na+ gradient (solutes move in opposite direction as Na+ across cell membrane)
Counter-transport
84
Secondary Active Transport indirectly relies on:
Na-K-ATPase pump
85
Saturation of Active Transport
Tm occurs once all transporters are used
86
Stereospecificity of Active Transport
Recognizes "D" or "L" forms
87
Competition of Active Transport
Chemically-related solutes may compete
88
Which is faster at low solute concentration: Facilitated or Simple?
Facilitated
89
Which is faster at high solute concentration: Facilitated or Simple?
Simple
90
In Na-K-ATPase pump, how many Na+ goes out?
3
91
In Na-K-ATPase pump, how many K+ goes in?
2
92
Transport Mechanism of Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO2, Alcohol, Lipid Hormones, Anesthetic drugs
Simple Diffusion
93
Transport Mechanism of D-glucose transport to the muscles and adipose, Amino Acid transport
Facilitated Diffusion
94
Transport Mechanism of Na-K-ATPase pump, Ca-ATPase pump in cell membrane and SR, H-K ATPase pump in stomach, H- ATPase pump in intercalated cell of kidney, Multi-drug resistance transporters
Primary Active Transport
95
Transport Mechanism of SGLT-1 in small intestine, SGLT-2 in the PCT, Na-K-2Cl in ascending tubule, Na-Ca exchange in almost all cells, Na-H exchange in PCT
Secondary Active Transport
96
Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane
Plasma membrane associated Ca ATPase (PMCA)
97
Ca-ATPase pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum an endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic and ER Ca-ATPase (SERCA)
98
Functions of Na-K-ATPase pump
Prevents cellular swelling; contributes to RMP
99
Functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by Cardiac Glycosides
Alpha subunit
100
In all epithelial cells, Na-K-ATPase pump is found in the basolateral side EXCEPT:
Choroid Plexus
101
Why do RBC's swell when chilled?
Decrease ATP synthesis (Decrease activity of Na-K-ATPase pump)
102
Receptors for Fat-soluble substances; Binding to nuclear or cytoplasmic receptors that causes transcription of genes
Intracellular Receptors
103
Membrane Receptor: Transduces chemical signal into electrical signal
Ion-channel linked Receptor
104
Membrane Receptor: Activates cGMP phosphodiesterase; Decreases cGMP; Closes cGMP-dependent ion channels
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-t subunit (Transducin)
105
Membrane Receptor: Activated by Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs); Inactivated by GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPS), RGS proteins (regulation of G Protein signaling)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GTP-activated)
106
Membrane Receptor: Activates Adenylyl cyclase (converts ATP to cAMP); Activates Protein Kinase A (PKA)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-s and Alpha-i subunit
107
Membrane Receptor: Phospholipase C (PLC) ➡️ PIP2 ➡️ PIP2 splits into InsP3 or IP3 (releases Calcium from ER) and DAG (activates Protein Kinase C)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-q subunit
108
Catalytic Receptor: Converts GTP to cGMP; Activates Protein Kinase G; Phosphorylates Proteins (eg: ANP, NO)
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases
109
Catalytic Receptor: Attaches to Type 1 subunit; Phosphorylates Serine/Threonine residues on Type 2 subunit; Activates Effectors (eg: THF-Beta)
Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
110
Catalytic Receptor: eg: NGF, EGF, PDGF, IGF-1, Insulin
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
111
Catalytic Receptor: No intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase Activity; Associated with proteins that have Tyrosine Kinase Activity, including Tyrosine Kinases of Src Family and Janus Family (JAK) (eg: EPO)
Tyrosine-associated Kinase Receptors
112
Cytosolic fragment released to the nucleus which causes transcription of genes (eg: Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREB) of the ER - promotes Cholesterol Synthesis)
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis
113
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (RIP) of amyloid B-protein precursor causes accumulation of amyloid B-protein in which disease?
Alzeimer's Disease
