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comp phys > sensory information > Flashcards

sensory information Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

specific cells express proteins that allow detection of specific stimuli

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2
Q

receptor proteins

A

specifically designed to interact with a specific type of sensory information

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3
Q

sensations

A

developed in the CNS, not the sensory receptor

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4
Q

transduction

A

convert into sensory information into form understood by cells

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5
Q

receptor potential

A

movement of ions across the cell membrane

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6
Q

high and low pass filtering

A

signals below and above a cut off are ignored

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7
Q

convergent and divergent pathways

A

information from nay cells, information spread out to many cells

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8
Q

mechanoreception

A

detection of touch/pressure
mechanically-gated ion channels transduce

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9
Q

evolution of touch

A

sponges - lack neurons but still respond to touch
jellyfish - use cilia to measure changes in flow/pressure
hydra - nematocysts with cilia to detect mechanical forces
invertebrates - ciliated cells
arthropods - receptors concentrated at exoskeleton movable joints (sensilla)
fish - lateral lines

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10
Q

sound

A

compression of air molecules
moves through the air as waves (Hz)

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11
Q

hair cells

A

detect shear force
energy moving at a vector across the surface of the cell

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12
Q

choanoflagellates

A

single, designed to trap food, not detect sound (no associated ion channel)
detect directionality

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12
Q

evolution of hair cells

A

choanoflagellates -

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13
Q

statocysts

A

circular arrangement of hair cells surround a fluid-filled space with statolith mass

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14
Q

basic ear components

A

external ear - focuses sound energy
middle ear - amplifies sound
inner ear - detects sound, acts as a spectral analyzer

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15
Q

invertebrate sound detection

A

unclear if they hear sound or just respond to its presence

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16
Q

johnston’s organ

A

invertebrates
vibration of antennae leads to activation of 15000 hair cells
backed by air pockets, not fluid pockets
tracheoles act as a pressure-difference receiver
allows animal to determine direction

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17
Q

katydid

A

foreleg detectors
vibration transmits energy to tympanal plate
hair cells surrounded by fluid which is harder to move than air
crista acustica - vibrating plate

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18
Q

vertebrate ear

A

outer ear - pinnae
auditory tube - carries vibrations inward
tympanic membrane - vibrates
middle ear - ossicles (bones)
inner ear - cochlea and hair cells

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19
Q

frequency detection in hair cells

A

taller membrane projections, reduced stiffness - LOW FREQUENCIES
lower membrane projections, increased stiffness - HIGH FREQUENCIES

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20
Q

tonotopic arrangement

A

hair cell fires information that identifies a specific frequency of a sound

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21
Q

ear on side of head

A

best for localization of high frequencies
sound reaches ear at slightly different times

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22
Q

ear on top of head

A

animals must move ears
affects spectrum of sound reaching each ear

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23
Q

azimuth detection

A

angle sound approaches

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24
Q

ear on side of head

A

sound

25
Q

ITD

A

interaural time difference
allows an animal to detect direction and azimuth
bigger head - distance between ears must be greater than wavelength of sound

26
Q

barn owl

A

asymmetrical placement of ears
left ear points downward, right ear points upward

27
Q

fish

A

lateral lines

28
Q

sonor

A

echolocation
faint echoes return to the animal (pulses)
bisonar - dolphins, shrews, and whales

29
Q

bats

A

generate ultrasound through larynx clicks
can also be used to determine elevation of the insect

30
Q

dolphins

A

squeeze air though nasal passage - sound
passes through melon
reflected sound is detected by lower jaw

31
Q

infrasound

A

as low as 0.05 Hz
too long for directional information, doppler shift can give direction

32
Q

doppler shift

A

as sound moves toward you, frequency goes up
as it moves away, frequency goes down

33
Q

vision

A

detection of light energy
light - electromagnetic radiation; light travels as photons and waves

34
Q

photosensation evolution

A

very old; PAX6 gene transcription factor
collection of light onto a light-sensitive pigment

35
Q

phytochromes

A

plant photosensory proteins
collect visible light and protect against UV radiation

36
Q

photolyases

A

animal photosensory proteins
repair of DNA damage

37
Q

rhodopsins

A

7-TMS proteins coupled to 11-cis-retinal
light hits molecule, retinal changes shape, neuron fires action potential, see!

38
Q

compound eye

A

ommatidia - separate eye with cornea, lens, pigment cells, photoreceptors

39
Q

non-compound eye

A

single larger lens, two eyes, binocular vision
image from each eye is slightly different, allowing for the detection of depth perception
only 140deg range of field

40
Q

non-compound eye structure

A

cornea - outer surface
lens - refraction of light onto retina
retina - photoreceptor

41
Q

eye cup

A

rudimentary pinhole camera
pigmented cup that shields photoreceptors from light at sharp angles

42
Q

vertebrate pupil shape

A

horizontal - better for collecting light on the same plane, prey animals
vertical - better for estimation of distance to prey
round - midway

43
Q

aquatic vs terrestrial

A

aquatic - no need for cornea, all focusing is done by lens
terrestrial - spherical cornea, flattest lens

44
Q

chemical detection

A

basis of taste, smell and chemotaxis

45
Q

chemical detection requirement

A

chemicals must be complex enough to elicit a change in a protein (chemical bond energy)
chemical cense organs covered in water

46
Q

olfaction

A

the ability to detect chemicals in a gaseous state

47
Q

nasal cavity

A

site of chemoreceptive neurons
abundance of neurons determines sense of smell

48
Q

thermoreception

A

animals detect the presence of IR radiation and changes in temperature

49
Q

snake facial pits

A

detect IR
two pits - binocular
TRP channels
gives directionality, locate prey

50
Q

electroreception

A

the flow of electrons through an object establishes an external electromagnetic field
AQUATIC ONLY

51
Q

electroreception characteristics

A

most common in salt water
mostly passive, electrical fields modify permeability of channels

52
Q

passive electroreception

A

most commonly used for predation
specialized organs - ampullary and tuberous

53
Q

ampullary

A

low-frequency
few electroreceptive cells as the base of mucus-filled ducts, open to surface through pores

54
Q

tuberous

A

high-frequency
no ducts, no direct connection with outside
distributed over surface

55
Q

magentoreception

A

outer liquid core of earth’s surface sets up magnetic fields in the solid core

56
Q

inclination angles

A

magnetic field that passes through the earth at angles

57
Q

magnetite

A

fe3o4
most magnetic, naturally occurring element

58
Q

magnetite in bird beaks

A

problems - not associated with sensory cells; associated with macrophages
support - trigeminal cut = no detection of magnetic field

59
Q

cryptochrome

A

absorbs blue light and forms a reactive chemical species
the length of time that the reactive species lasts depends on how it is aligned with a magnetic field

comp phys (10 decks)

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