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sensory information Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

specific cells express proteins that allow detection of specific stimuli

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2
Q

receptor proteins

A

specifically designed to interact with a specific type of sensory information

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3
Q

sensations

A

developed in the CNS, not the sensory receptor

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4
Q

transduction

A

convert into sensory information into form understood by cells

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5
Q

receptor potential

A

movement of ions across the cell membrane

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6
Q

high and low pass filtering

A

signals below and above a cut off are ignored

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7
Q

convergent and divergent pathways

A

information from nay cells, information spread out to many cells

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8
Q

mechanoreception

A

detection of touch/pressure
mechanically-gated ion channels transduce

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9
Q

evolution of touch

A

sponges - lack neurons but still respond to touch
jellyfish - use cilia to measure changes in flow/pressure
hydra - nematocysts with cilia to detect mechanical forces
invertebrates - ciliated cells
arthropods - receptors concentrated at exoskeleton movable joints (sensilla)
fish - lateral lines

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10
Q

sound

A

compression of air molecules
moves through the air as waves (Hz)

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11
Q

hair cells

A

detect shear force
energy moving at a vector across the surface of the cell

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12
Q

choanoflagellates

A

single, designed to trap food, not detect sound (no associated ion channel)
detect directionality

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12
Q

evolution of hair cells

A

choanoflagellates -

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13
Q

statocysts

A

circular arrangement of hair cells surround a fluid-filled space with statolith mass

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14
Q

basic ear components

A

external ear - focuses sound energy
middle ear - amplifies sound
inner ear - detects sound, acts as a spectral analyzer

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15
Q

invertebrate sound detection

A

unclear if they hear sound or just respond to its presence

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16
Q

johnston’s organ

A

invertebrates
vibration of antennae leads to activation of 15000 hair cells
backed by air pockets, not fluid pockets
tracheoles act as a pressure-difference receiver
allows animal to determine direction

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17
Q

katydid

A

foreleg detectors
vibration transmits energy to tympanal plate
hair cells surrounded by fluid which is harder to move than air
crista acustica - vibrating plate

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18
Q

vertebrate ear

A

outer ear - pinnae
auditory tube - carries vibrations inward
tympanic membrane - vibrates
middle ear - ossicles (bones)
inner ear - cochlea and hair cells

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19
Q

frequency detection in hair cells

A

taller membrane projections, reduced stiffness - LOW FREQUENCIES
lower membrane projections, increased stiffness - HIGH FREQUENCIES

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20
Q

tonotopic arrangement

A

hair cell fires information that identifies a specific frequency of a sound

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21
Q

ear on side of head

A

best for localization of high frequencies
sound reaches ear at slightly different times

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22
Q

ear on top of head

A

animals must move ears
affects spectrum of sound reaching each ear

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23
Q

azimuth detection

A

angle sound approaches

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24
ear on side of head
sound
25
ITD
interaural time difference allows an animal to detect direction and azimuth bigger head - distance between ears must be greater than wavelength of sound
26
barn owl
asymmetrical placement of ears left ear points downward, right ear points upward
27
fish
lateral lines
28
sonor
echolocation faint echoes return to the animal (pulses) bisonar - dolphins, shrews, and whales
29
bats
generate ultrasound through larynx clicks can also be used to determine elevation of the insect
30
dolphins
squeeze air though nasal passage - sound passes through melon reflected sound is detected by lower jaw
31
infrasound
as low as 0.05 Hz too long for directional information, doppler shift can give direction
32
doppler shift
as sound moves toward you, frequency goes up as it moves away, frequency goes down
33
vision
detection of light energy light - electromagnetic radiation; light travels as photons and waves
34
photosensation evolution
very old; PAX6 gene transcription factor collection of light onto a light-sensitive pigment
35
phytochromes
plant photosensory proteins collect visible light and protect against UV radiation
36
photolyases
animal photosensory proteins repair of DNA damage
37
rhodopsins
7-TMS proteins coupled to 11-cis-retinal light hits molecule, retinal changes shape, neuron fires action potential, see!
38
compound eye
ommatidia - separate eye with cornea, lens, pigment cells, photoreceptors
39
non-compound eye
single larger lens, two eyes, binocular vision image from each eye is slightly different, allowing for the detection of depth perception only 140deg range of field
40
non-compound eye structure
cornea - outer surface lens - refraction of light onto retina retina - photoreceptor
41
eye cup
rudimentary pinhole camera pigmented cup that shields photoreceptors from light at sharp angles
42
vertebrate pupil shape
horizontal - better for collecting light on the same plane, prey animals vertical - better for estimation of distance to prey round - midway
43
aquatic vs terrestrial
aquatic - no need for cornea, all focusing is done by lens terrestrial - spherical cornea, flattest lens
44
chemical detection
basis of taste, smell and chemotaxis
45
chemical detection requirement
chemicals must be complex enough to elicit a change in a protein (chemical bond energy) chemical cense organs covered in water
46
olfaction
the ability to detect chemicals in a gaseous state
47
nasal cavity
site of chemoreceptive neurons abundance of neurons determines sense of smell
48
thermoreception
animals detect the presence of IR radiation and changes in temperature
49
snake facial pits
detect IR two pits - binocular TRP channels gives directionality, locate prey
50
electroreception
the flow of electrons through an object establishes an external electromagnetic field AQUATIC ONLY
51
electroreception characteristics
most common in salt water mostly passive, electrical fields modify permeability of channels
52
passive electroreception
most commonly used for predation specialized organs - ampullary and tuberous
53
ampullary
low-frequency few electroreceptive cells as the base of mucus-filled ducts, open to surface through pores
54
tuberous
high-frequency no ducts, no direct connection with outside distributed over surface
55
magentoreception
outer liquid core of earth's surface sets up magnetic fields in the solid core
56
inclination angles
magnetic field that passes through the earth at angles
57
magnetite
fe3o4 most magnetic, naturally occurring element
58
magnetite in bird beaks
problems - not associated with sensory cells; associated with macrophages support - trigeminal cut = no detection of magnetic field
59
cryptochrome
absorbs blue light and forms a reactive chemical species the length of time that the reactive species lasts depends on how it is aligned with a magnetic field

comp phys (10 decks)

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