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comp phys > animal control > Flashcards

animal control Flashcards

1
Q

types of signals sent to cells after stimulus

A

chemical and electrical

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2
Q

negative feedback process

A

release of hormone to drive physiological process back to normal level

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3
Q

positive feedback

A

release of hormone accelerates change in physiological process away from normal

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4
Q

role of neurons in homeostasis

A

organized in a central nervous system; capable of electrical currents across membrane

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5
Q

endocrine cells

A

release of chemical messengers into blood

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6
Q

changes caused by feedback systems

A

signal speed
number of cells affected
precision
extensive overlap

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7
Q

critical factors regulated

A

temperature
pH
amount of o2
(can cause rapid death)

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8
Q

less critical factors regulated

A

blood levels of nutrients/ions
(won’t cause rapid death)

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9
Q

neurons

A

biological computers that collect and share info w other cells

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10
Q

nervous system evolution

A

increased number and types of ion channels
more complex interactions between neurons and other cells
neurons more organized into specific areas
formation of a brain and spinal cord
collection of more sophisticated information from environment

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11
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav)

A

better suited for long distance

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12
Q

ion channel voltage

A

opened by ligands binding to outer face or a change in charge of amino acid residues inside channel

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13
Q

voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

A

better suited for cytoplasmic processes

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14
Q

sponge nervous system

A

no visible neurons or synapses
posses genes needed for functional neurons (Ascl1)
**waves of calcium pass through cells

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15
Q

cnidarian (coral, jellyfish) nervous system

A

first evidence of nervous system
multifunctional neurons - sensory, motor, inter and secretionary
mesoglea - connecting network

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16
Q

nerve nets

A

diffuse arrangement of interconnected neurons in animals without brains

17
Q

flatworm nervous system

A

first evidence of bilateral symmetry
small brain
light sensitive eyes, rudimentary sense of smell

18
Q

octopi nervous system

A

two well developed eyes
high level of tactile sensitivity
short and long term memory

19
Q

neocortex

A

only possessed by mammals
volume proportional to intelligence

20
Q

endocrine system evolution

A

parallel and overlapping system of blood-borne signals that work with neurons to control cells

21
Q

do prokaryotes have an endocrine system?

A

no -
extracellular signals affect neighboring cells in response to physiological changes, but there is no blood

22
Q

hormone free binding energy

A

hormone amino acids interact w receptor amino acids through h-bonds and van der waal forces

23
Q

hormone structure determines..

A

the information relayed; change of structure changes the message

24
Q

types of hormones

A

proteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives, lipids, RNA

25
Q

physiological processes affected by hormones

A

growth and development
energy balance
smooth and cardiac muscle (not striated)

26
Q

gene duplication

A

ectopic recombination
retrotransposons
chromosomal duplications

27
Q

gain of function mutation

A

mutation that leads to a hormone/receptor to control a new process

28
Q

loss of function mutation

A

mutation that leads a hormone/receptor to lose control

29
Q

amino acid derivatives

A

catecholamines - derived from tyrosine and tryptophan
found in all animals

30
Q

peptide/protein hormones

A

found in all animals

31
Q

steroids

A

vertebrates - squalene
invertebrates - no squalene, but farnesoate

32
Q

signal transduction

A

hormone receptor changes the message inherent in hormone structure to a form understandable by the cell

33
Q

GCPRs (G-protein coupled receptors)

A

bind w GDP to receptor
receptor changes shape, dissociates bound to GTP
alpha-GTP binds to downstream effector molecules
cellular increase of cAMP and/or ca2+
common target kinases

34
Q

RTKases (receptor tyrosine kinases)

A

hormone induces receptor dimerization
dimerized receptor is a tyrosine kinase after it phosphorylates itself
changes activity of cellular proteins

35
Q

hormone evolution

A

evolved from factors that regulate cell metabolism
transcription factors bind to highly conserved regions of DNA

36
Q

endocrine cell evolution

A

developed from secretory cells/neurons

37
Q

cell-to-cell networks

A

crosstalk between different hormones/receptors
functionally redundant - more than one hormone controls key physiological processes

comp phys (10 decks)

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