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comp phys > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

1
Q

kilocalories and calories

A

bond energy
raise temperature of 1L of water by 1C

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2
Q

caloric values

A

(in ascending order)

proteins - must lose N; feed into glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
CHO - production of co2
fats - feed into CHO metabolizing pathways

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3
Q

the Sun

A

ultimate energy source
photosynthesis

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4
Q

geothermal vents

A

extremely acidic
rich source of H2S

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5
Q

Mponeg Gold Mine

A

no light or heat
radioactive decay of elements supports growth of bacteria as source of energy for animals

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6
Q

oriental hornet

A

anti-reflective, light trapping bands
develops voltage gradient to drive ATP production

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7
Q

filter feeders

A

water with food is strained over gills or other structures to remove food

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8
Q

hematophagy

A

blood eaters
very efficient way to transmit infections - lyme disease, babesiosis

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9
Q

liquid digestion

A

highly specialized animals
adapted to food source
symbiotic relationship
parasites!

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10
Q

milk

A

mammalian trait
wide range of protein, fat and carbs

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11
Q

seawater

A

organic molecules at very low concentrations
uptake by active transport
very little energy per liter unless filtered

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12
Q

polyphyodont

A

teeth replaced

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13
Q

diphyodont

A

teeth not replaced

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14
Q

radula

A

invertebrates
analogous to teeth

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15
Q

proboscis

A

invertebrate elongated tube (no tongues)

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16
Q

protein metabolism

A

all animals require proteins and digest it in the same way (cannot produce all amino acids)

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17
Q

protein digestion requirements

A

high acidity
protease activity

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18
Q

amino acid types

A

acidic
basic
lipophilic
neutral

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19
Q

lipid metabolism

A

all animals need lipids and metabolize them the same way, but NOT the same lipids

20
Q

lipid digestion requirements

A

lipases (complex –> simple)

21
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

all animals have the enzymatic machinery required to digest glucose

22
Q

carbohydrate digestion processes

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
ox/phos

23
Q

CHOs

A

ideal fuel
consumes o2 and produces co2
optimized for ATP production

24
Q

batch reactors

A

invertebrates
one entrance
digestion, absorption and waste generation in one place

25
Q

plug-flow reactor

A

all vertebrates and many invertebrates
digestion, absorption, and waste generation in different places

26
Q

continuous flow stirred tank reactors

A

fermentation of cellulose
ruminants and termites

27
Q

invertebrates and algae

A

algae convert sunlight into complete carbs for invertebrates
invertebrates produce waste (NH3), used by algae for protein synthesis
prolonged survivorship during periods of starvation

28
Q

microbiome

A

surface or internal complex collection of bacteria and fungi, usually beneficial

29
Q

hindgut fermentation

A

fermentation in large intestine
GI tract 10-15x body length

30
Q

foregut fermentation

A

special stomach, regurgitation

31
Q

ruminant

A

rumen - microbial fermentation
reticulum - separation of food particles by size, fermentation
omasum - absorption
abomasum - digestion and absorption of proteins; true stomach

32
Q

primary site of absorption

A

wall of the small intestine
highly polarized epithelium

33
Q

digestive tract

A

specialized place to carry out chemical and enzymatic digestion

34
Q

digestive tract anatomy

A

foregut - esophagus
midgut - stomach
hindgut - intestinal tract

35
Q

digestive tract wall

A

single layer polarized epithelium
large surface area - villi (folds) and microvilli (cell surface)
similar secretion of saliva acid, enzymes, buffers

36
Q

alimentary canal

A

invertebrate entrance and exit
hollow tube at both ends
specialization along canal (separates digestion, absorption)

37
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

invertebrate
single opening, blind-ended tubes

38
Q

taste or poisons

A

alkaloids and glycosides
tannins - bitter astringent

39
Q

metabolic rate (Mr)

A

consumption of energy at a specific rate
O2 mL/g/min

40
Q

basal Mr

A

menial energy expenditure to stay alive

41
Q

good way to measure metabolism

A

expose animals to radioactive water
loss of both 18O and 2H after 3 weeks = energy metabolism

42
Q

bomb calirometer

A

measure total heat production

43
Q

TEE

A

Total Energy Expenditure
energy intake - deltaBF
if you eat more than you need you gain body fat

44
Q

energy storage

A

fat storage - animals that move
glycogen - animals that don’t move

45
Q

glycogen storage

A

heavier than fat, better fuel in hypoxic conditions
stored with water - HEAVIER
useful for small bursts of energy during hypoxia

comp phys (10 decks)

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