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comp phys > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

gametes (eggs and sperm)
meiosis - HAPLOID
more genetic diversity

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

mitotic cell division
less individual energy expenditure

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3
Q

sexual reproduction requirements

A

cell polarization - concentration gradients of proteins, chemicals, RNA w eggs – differentiation of offspring cells
meiosis - two daughter cells w 50% chromosome numbers (HAPLOID)
encapsulation - eggs and sperm are produced in a protected space away from immune system
yolk - stored energy for baby outside of mother’s body

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4
Q

how does sexual reproduction work

A

information collection and processing
sex determination
sexual maturation
ducts and supportive tissues
mating and behavior

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5
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

produces half as much offspring as asexual
only pass on 50% of genes
selfish gene
slower and more energy intensive

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6
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

correction of DNA faults
***heterosis - hybrid vigor thru mutation masking
removes deleterious mutations
spread of advantageous mutations
accelerates evolution

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7
Q

evolution of sexual reproduction

A

prior to sexual reproduction was development of diploidy (2 chromosomal copies)

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8
Q

reproduction strategies

A

animals strive to pick the best time to sexually reproduce and whether to support offspring outside the mother’s body

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9
Q

R strategies

A

high growth rate
less pop niches
many offspring
low probability of survival
less stable environment
shorter generational time
(rabbits!)

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10
Q

K strategies

A

more stable environments
larger body size
later sexual maturation
higher survival of offspring

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11
Q

parental investment

A

any effort or resourve that parents provide to increase offspring survival

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12
Q

key life stages

A

birth size
growth pattern
age, size at sexual maturity
maximum life span

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13
Q

homogametic sex

A

diploid cell has same two chromosomes that determine sex
not required for gonadal hormones (steroids)

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14
Q

heterogametic sex

A

diploid cell has two different chromosomes
requirement for gonadal hormones

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15
Q

XX/XY

A

Y contains SRY gene
absent in invertebrates

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16
Q

XX/XO

A

no Y chromosome or SRY gene
insects and mammals

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17
Q

ZW/ZZ

A

W chromosome contains DMRT1 gene – makes females
birds, reptiles, and insects

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18
Q

haploidy

A

unfertilized haploid - male
fertilized diploid - female
ants and bees

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19
Q

environmental cues

A

temperature
contact
dominance
unknown

20
Q

external fertilization

A

needs more sperm and eggs
only in aquatic environments

21
Q

internal fertilization

A

needs more complex hormonal control, mating rituals, and complex animal behavior
parental investment

22
Q

advantages of external fertilization

A

simple to lay eggs and cover in sperm

23
Q

disadvantages of external fertilization

A

need to find eggs
sperm are small
fragile and easily dehydrated

24
Q

broadcast spawners

A

egg and sperm are simultaneously released
pelagic (free floating) eggs

25
Q

demersal spawners

A

eggs first, sperm second
larger and fewer eggs
must be adhered to a surface, hollow space in sand or rock crevice
greater parental involvment

26
Q

ectothermic exceptions for parental investment

A

frogs lay eggs in aquatic habitats and provide food
cichlid fish consume food from lake bottoms and bring to offspring in higher waters

27
Q

agamogenesis

A

reproduction without need for males
common in invertebrates
not really asexual reproduction

28
Q

hormonal control

A

in order to reproduce sexually, animals need to collect external and internal info
signals to cells that produce gametes - gonad

29
Q

hormonal signals

A

chemicals, proteins, peptides and steroids
produced in CNS of vertebrates

30
Q

evolution of hormonal control

A

multiple signals
increased levels of control
coupling reproduction with metabolism and development

31
Q

reproduction and metabolism

A

dependent on both reproductive and energy status
yes or no in mammals becomes ‘maybe, depends’

32
Q

GTH (gonadotropic hormone)

A

drives growth of gonads in both vertebrates and invertebrates

33
Q

regulation of GTHs in vertebrates

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) & GnIH (gonadotropin inhibitory hormone)

34
Q

vertebrate GTHs

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

35
Q

invertebrate GTHs

A

gonad stimulating substance (GSS) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH)

36
Q

center of vertebrate reproduction

A

hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA)

37
Q

gonadosomatic index

A

GSI = (gonad weight/total body weight)*100
seasonal changes

38
Q

oviparity

A

animals that lay eggs with little or no embryonic development within mother
internal and external fertilization
eggs contain yolk

39
Q

viviparity

A

internal fertilization and development
placenta
evolved from oviparity - allows development of more complex nervous system

40
Q

anisogamy

A

male gamete is small, motile, plentiful, cheaper to make
female gamete is larger, more expensive, fewer, immobile

41
Q

polygyny

A

one male, harem of females
other males and their offspring are driven out

42
Q

polyandry

A

one female, multiple males
males typically smaller
can be lethal to males
fish!

43
Q

polygynandry

A

multiple males fertilize multiple females
promiscuity is meant to reduce social conflict and increase group survivorship
chimps and bonobos!

44
Q

polygamy

A

umbrella term
tournament species

45
Q

estrous cycle

A

hormone induced physiological changes to increase breeding
mammals!

46
Q

estrus

A

egg ovulation and sexual receptivity

comp phys (10 decks)

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