reproduction

Question 1

sexual reproduction

Answer 1

gametes (eggs and sperm)
meiosis - HAPLOID
more genetic diversity

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

mitotic cell division
less individual energy expenditure

Question 3

sexual reproduction requirements

Answer 3

cell polarization - concentration gradients of proteins, chemicals, RNA w eggs – differentiation of offspring cells
meiosis - two daughter cells w 50% chromosome numbers (HAPLOID)
encapsulation - eggs and sperm are produced in a protected space away from immune system
yolk - stored energy for baby outside of mother’s body

Question 4

how does sexual reproduction work

Answer 4

information collection and processing
sex determination
sexual maturation
ducts and supportive tissues
mating and behavior

Question 5

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 5

produces half as much offspring as asexual
only pass on 50% of genes
selfish gene
slower and more energy intensive

Question 6

advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 6

correction of DNA faults
***heterosis - hybrid vigor thru mutation masking
removes deleterious mutations
spread of advantageous mutations
accelerates evolution

Question 7

evolution of sexual reproduction

Answer 7

prior to sexual reproduction was development of diploidy (2 chromosomal copies)

Question 8

reproduction strategies

Answer 8

animals strive to pick the best time to sexually reproduce and whether to support offspring outside the mother’s body

Question 9

R strategies

Answer 9

high growth rate
less pop niches
many offspring
low probability of survival
less stable environment
shorter generational time
(rabbits!)

Question 10

K strategies

Answer 10

more stable environments
larger body size
later sexual maturation
higher survival of offspring

Question 11

parental investment

Answer 11

any effort or resourve that parents provide to increase offspring survival

Question 12

key life stages

Answer 12

birth size
growth pattern
age, size at sexual maturity
maximum life span

Question 13

homogametic sex

Answer 13

diploid cell has same two chromosomes that determine sex
not required for gonadal hormones (steroids)

Question 14

heterogametic sex

Answer 14

diploid cell has two different chromosomes
requirement for gonadal hormones

Question 15

XX/XY

Answer 15

Y contains SRY gene
absent in invertebrates

Question 16

XX/XO

Answer 16

no Y chromosome or SRY gene
insects and mammals

Question 17

ZW/ZZ

Answer 17

W chromosome contains DMRT1 gene – makes females
birds, reptiles, and insects

Question 18

haploidy

Answer 18

unfertilized haploid - male
fertilized diploid - female
ants and bees

Question 19

environmental cues

Answer 19

temperature
contact
dominance
unknown

Question 20

external fertilization

Answer 20

needs more sperm and eggs
only in aquatic environments

Question 21

internal fertilization

Answer 21

needs more complex hormonal control, mating rituals, and complex animal behavior
parental investment

Question 22

advantages of external fertilization

Answer 22

simple to lay eggs and cover in sperm

Question 23

disadvantages of external fertilization

Answer 23

need to find eggs
sperm are small
fragile and easily dehydrated

Question 24

broadcast spawners

Answer 24

egg and sperm are simultaneously released
pelagic (free floating) eggs

Question 25

demersal spawners

Answer 25

eggs first, sperm second larger and fewer eggs must be adhered to a surface, hollow space in sand or rock crevice greater parental involvment

Question 26

ectothermic exceptions for parental investment

Answer 26

frogs lay eggs in aquatic habitats and provide food cichlid fish consume food from lake bottoms and bring to offspring in higher waters

Question 27

agamogenesis

Answer 27

reproduction without need for males common in invertebrates not really asexual reproduction

Question 28

hormonal control

Answer 28

in order to reproduce sexually, animals need to collect external and internal info signals to cells that produce gametes - gonad

Question 29

hormonal signals

Answer 29

chemicals, proteins, peptides and steroids produced in CNS of vertebrates

Question 30

evolution of hormonal control

Answer 30

multiple signals increased levels of control coupling reproduction with metabolism and development

Question 31

reproduction and metabolism

Answer 31

dependent on both reproductive and energy status yes or no in mammals becomes 'maybe, depends'

Question 32

GTH (gonadotropic hormone)

Answer 32

drives growth of gonads in both vertebrates and invertebrates

Question 33

regulation of GTHs in vertebrates

Answer 33

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) & GnIH (gonadotropin inhibitory hormone)

Question 34

vertebrate GTHs

Answer 34

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 35

invertebrate GTHs

Answer 35

gonad stimulating substance (GSS) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH)

Question 36

center of vertebrate reproduction

Answer 36

hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA)

Question 37

gonadosomatic index

Answer 37

GSI = (gonad weight/total body weight)*100 seasonal changes

Question 38

oviparity

Answer 38

animals that lay eggs with little or no embryonic development within mother internal and external fertilization eggs contain yolk

Question 39

viviparity

Answer 39

internal fertilization and development placenta evolved from oviparity - allows development of more complex nervous system

Question 40

anisogamy

Answer 40

male gamete is small, motile, plentiful, cheaper to make female gamete is larger, more expensive, fewer, immobile

Question 41

polygyny

Answer 41

one male, harem of females other males and their offspring are driven out

Question 42

polyandry

Answer 42

one female, multiple males males typically smaller can be lethal to males fish!

Question 43

polygynandry

Answer 43

multiple males fertilize multiple females promiscuity is meant to reduce social conflict and increase group survivorship chimps and bonobos!

Question 44

polygamy

Answer 44

umbrella term tournament species

Question 45

estrous cycle

Answer 45

hormone induced physiological changes to increase breeding mammals!

Question 46

estrus

Answer 46

egg ovulation and sexual receptivity