immunity

Question 1

molecular arms race

Answer 1

as animal immunity adapts and escapes the threat by a pathogen, the pathogen evolves

Question 2

CRISPR

Answer 2

found in genome of prokaryotes
used to detect and destroy prokaryote DNA
Cas9 cleaves out segements

Question 3

self vs nonself

Answer 3

self - things that belong within an animal’s body
nonself - things that should not be in an animals body
recognized through protein interaction

Question 4

sponge immunity

Answer 4

no apparent immune cells
is capable of recognizing self from nonself

Question 5

antigen

Answer 5

any chemical compound - protein, peptide, fat, nucleotide or carbohydrate, which is recognizable by an animal’s immune system

Question 6

antigen constraints

Answer 6

> 4000 Mw
proteins > sugars > lipids > nucleic acids
epitopes on large structures

Question 7

how do animals destroy antigens?

Answer 7

encapsulation
aggregation
lyse
chemical attack
phagocytosis

Question 8

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMPs)

Answer 8

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and peptidoglycans on the surface of pathogens or protein flagellin

Question 9

microbiomes

Answer 9

occupy all prokaryote-adhesion sites on epithelial surfaces; depriving pathogens a seat at the table
gives immune system a chance to develop defenses against non-pathogen

Question 10

allorecognition

Answer 10

antigen recognition by an immune cell

Question 11

CD57 receptor

Answer 11

found in sponges
has an external, antigen-binding hypervariable region

Question 12

hypervariable region

Answer 12

same protein, same gene, amino acid sequence is shuffled to give trillions of possible combinations

Question 13

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

Answer 13

usually expressed on the surface of phagocytes
recognizes PAMPs
signal activated inside cell

Question 14

Leucine-Rich Repeats (LRRs)

Answer 14

20-30 LRRs within TLR
binds to PAMP and other nonself antigens

Question 15

activation of toll-like receptor

Answer 15

PAMP binds to LRR, resulting in allosteric coupling and activation of MyD88
MyD88 activates IRAk
IRAk phosphorylates TRAF6
TRAF6 phosphorylates IkK (degraded)
NFkB activation - gene suite

Question 16

DSCAM

Answer 16

down’s syndrome cell-associated molecule
insects and crustaceans

Question 17

chemical agents

Answer 17

reactive chemical species (ROS and NOS)

Question 18

effector molecules

Answer 18

poisons!
fibrinogen and phagocytes

Question 19

peptides and chemicals

Answer 19

antimicrobial peptides
lysozyme (vertebrates)

Question 20

phagocyte properties

Answer 20

encapsulation
microbicidal
lysis
repair
phagocytosis
alarm

Question 21

cytokines

Answer 21

signaling molecule found in vertebrates and invertebrates
transcription factors and hormone-like properties

Question 22

inflammation

Answer 22

vasodilation - increasing blood flow and immune cells
chemotaxis - attraction of phagocytes to area from blood into tissues
permeability - allows large proteins to enter area

Question 23

fever

Answer 23

homeothermic endotherms - increase in Tc above normal
heterothermic ectotherms - behavior increase in Tc by movement, increased activity

Question 24

benefits of fever

Answer 24

200-fold reduction in bacterial growth
improved immune response
increased phagocytic activity
inflammation suppression
ion sequestering
increased TLR expression

Question 25

innate immunity

Answer 25

response is always the same, stereotypic
present in all animals
main aspect - SKIN

Question 26

adaptive immunity

Answer 26

memory component and response toward an antigen

Question 27

innate functions

Answer 27

cell recruitment to site of infection via cytokine signaling
activation of complement cascade
identification and removal of foreign substances
physical and chemical barriers

Question 28

RAGs (recombination-activating genes)

Answer 28

cutting, separating, and recombining
dsDNA breaks at specific sites and a unique way of coupling them through VDJ recombination

Question 29

lymphocytes

Answer 29

“white blood cells”
single, large nucleus, small amount of cytoplasm, proteins expressed on surface
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

Question 30

T-memory

Answer 30

carry memory of exposure to specific antigen
clonal growth

Question 31

T-helper

Answer 31

regulate activity of other T-lymphocytes
secrete cytokines to mature B-lymphocytes and activate Tc-lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 32

T-helper

Answer 32

regulate activity of other T-lymphocytes
secrete cytokines to mature B-lymphocytes and activate Tc-lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 33

T-cytotoxic

Answer 33

secrete pathogen-destroying chemicals

Question 34

T-regulatory

Answer 34

suppress T-lymphocyte induced immunity
crucial for maintenance of immunological tolerance

Question 35

TcR (T-cell receptor)

Answer 35

hypervariable antigen binding region

Question 36

types of B-lymphocytes

Answer 36

Naïve B
Memory B
Plasma B

Question 37

BcR

Answer 37

hypervariable antigen-binding region

Question 38

positive selection

Answer 38

removal of all cells (and receptors) that don’t work properly

Question 39

negative selection

Answer 39

removal of all cells (and receptors) that recognize self antigens

Question 40

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 40

cell molecular footprint – ID tag
each animal is unique because of genetic variability, polygenic

Question 41

class MHC I

Answer 41

almost all vertebrate nucleated cells
checking IDs

Question 42

class MHC II

Answer 42

surface of macrophages and B lymphocytes
eats what doesn’t belong