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comp phys > muscle and skeleton > Flashcards

muscle and skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

sessile

A

non moving

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2
Q

non-sessile

A

freely moving

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3
Q

molecular motors

A

proteins capable of converting energy in ATP into movement

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4
Q

kinesins

A

move along microtubules by consuming ATP
found in all eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

dyneins

A

transport cellular cargo/organelles
cilia and flagella

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6
Q

dyneins

A

transport cellular cargo/organelles
cilia and flagella

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7
Q

myosin

A

head - binds actin, consumes ATP, force transduction
neck - lever
tail - regulation, interacts with proteins
found in all eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

myocytes

A

muscle cells needed to coalesce into larger structures

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9
Q

myofibrils

A

larger fibers constructed from myocytes
connected to other structures (when they move, other tissues move)

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10
Q

muscle evolution in sponges

A

contract body sections without muscle cells
require - molecular motors, contractile fibers, connection to cell cytoskeleton

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11
Q

contractile apparatus

A

filaments and molecular motors
triggered by calcium (calmodium)
used by sponges

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12
Q

muscle evolution properties

A

generates force through shortening (tension)
under conscious and unconscious control
dependent on the action of molecular motors

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13
Q

amoeboid

A

change cell shape
crawling motion done by protozoans, slime molds
actin/myosin motors

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14
Q

cilia and flagella

A

asymmetrical // symmetrical
one // many
axoneme

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15
Q

functional characteristics

A

contraction - fibers shorten, generate force and pull on bones, slide past each other
excitability - respond to stimulus, CNS, hormones, physical
extensibility - stretch past original length
elasticity - recoils after stretch

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16
Q

striated muscle anatomy

A

long cells innervated by neurons (conscious control)
usually associated with skeletons as anchorage points

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17
Q

smooth muscle anatomy

A

individual small cells
same molecular motors as striated
much higher efficiency
activated by stretch

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18
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of striated muscle within muscle fibers
attached end to end, z-disk to z-disk, in series

19
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

ER
ca2+ storage

20
Q

terminal cisternae

A

ca2+ sequestering

21
Q

transverse tubules

A

cell membrane invaginations

22
Q

actin filament

A

thin filament, overlaps myosin filament
attached to z-disk

23
Q

nebulin

A

scaffolding protein

24
Q

tropomyosin

A

barrier to interaction between myosin and actin
keeps muscle from contracting

25
Q

troponin

A

binds calcium to tropomyosin
C - binds ca2+
I - binds actin, preventing molecular interaction with myosin
T - binds tropomyosin

26
Q

z disk

A

site of actin attachment, also attached to cell cytoskeleton

27
Q

I band

A

region with only actin

28
Q

A band

A

region of actin/myosin overlap

29
Q

H zone

A

region with only myosin

30
Q

M line

A

site of attachment of myosin

31
Q

length-tension curve

A

relationship between muscle length (or sarcomere length) and tension development
ideal overlap = maximum number of crossbridges formed

32
Q

invertebrate striated muscle

A

thick filament is 2-3x thicker, 2-5x longer
paramyosin attached to myosin
twitchin protein allows muscle to maintain resistance to stretch in absence of cross bridge
asynchronous

33
Q

smooth muscle activation

A

ca2+ influx into cell
ca2+ binds to calmodulin
myosin light chain kinase is activated
myosin light chain is phosphorylated
cross bridge forms, tension develops

34
Q

mechanochemical coupling

A

only power half of the action of the muscle
found in thorax and associated muscles

35
Q

mechanical oscillator

A

thorax, stretch rubber band
can use smaller set of wings to generate more lift with less muscle

36
Q

resilin

A

elastic protein found in fleas
striated muscle

37
Q

skeleton

A

rigid weight bearing, composite with strength and flexibility

38
Q

biomechanical advantage of skeletons

A

levers around a joint

39
Q

joints

A

move without friction

40
Q

endoskeleton

A

mineralized tissue (collagen), hydroxyapatite crystals

41
Q

exoskeleton

A

limits growth
carry the weight

42
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

flexible chamber filled with water

43
Q

buoyancy

A

upward force exerted by a fluid that opposed the weight of an immersed object

comp phys (10 decks)

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