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547 > Sensory Impairments in Peds > Flashcards

Sensory Impairments in Peds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of visual perception? briefly explain each one

A
  1. oculomotor control: eye movement
  2. visual field: how much we can see around us
  3. visual acuity: how clear can we see
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2
Q

Describe a baby’s vision at birth (accommodation, visual acuity, light/color, oculomotor mvm)

A

Limited accommodation

Visual acidity: 20/300

Responds to light, motion, color (does not perceive color but can differ tone/brilliance)

Oculomotor mvm: Can scan and search for movement => normal for it to be cross eyed (not well coordinated)

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3
Q

Describe vision at 1-2 mo.

A

increase visual acuity

Increased oculomotor scanning

Start binocular vision at 6 wk

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4
Q

Describe vision at 3-4 mo (4)

A

increased accommodation

Conjugate eye mvm in all direction

Eyelids close when stimuli appear suddenly before eye

Increase occulomotor scanning

Observes own hands when manipulating objects

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5
Q

describe vision at 4-6 mo (3)

A

increased visual acuity

Established binocular vision

recognition/identification of faces/objects (in line w social smile at 6 mo)

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6
Q

what is the visual acuity at 6-12 mo?

A

20/150

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7
Q

what does the baby avoid in terms of vision at 6-12 mo?

A

visual depth

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8
Q

When does a baby start perceiving color?

A

3 mo

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9
Q

when does a baby start tracking with their gaze?

A

3 mo

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10
Q

when can babies track a person moving across the room?

A

1 yo

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11
Q

when does depth perception (3d vision) develop

A

5 mo

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12
Q

By what age should a child be seen by an optometrist?

A

2 yo then subsequently on an annual basis

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13
Q

What is a visual impairment?

A
  1. visual acuity less than 6/21 (sees at 6 m what we see at 21 m) OR
  2. Visual acuity = 6/18 or less for those w degenerative visual problem, visual impairment, physical defiency, intellectual disability OR
  3. Continuous visual field less than 60 degrees OR
  4. Complete hemianopsia OR
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14
Q

What is the difference b/w ocular visual impairment and neurological visual impairment?

A

ocular: loss from eye structure (n atrophy, nystagmus)
neuro: injury to brain

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15
Q

what are the 5 leading cause of visual impairement

A
  1. cortical visual impairment (CVI)
  2. retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
  3. Optic nerve hypopplasis *ONH)
  4. albinism
  5. optic nerve atrophy
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16
Q

What is cortical visual impairment? what is it caused by?

A

= difficulty processing visual information (can see it) d/t lesion in posterior geniculi nucleus pathway to visual cortex

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17
Q

what are some signs of cortical visual impairment?

A
  • distinct color preference
  • visual latency (takes min before seeing moving toy)
  • attraction to mvm (will only look if object is shaking)
  • difficulties w complexiities
  • need light
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18
Q

What causes retinopathy of prematurity

A

abnormal growth of BV in retina that can leak and cause retinal detachment => usually in premature bby

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19
Q

What causes optic nerve hypoplasia?

A

underdevelopment of optic n

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20
Q

What is albinism? What is ocular albinism (OA)? What is oculo-cutaneous albinism?

A

OA: lack pigment in eye
OCA: lack pigment in eye, hair, skin

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21
Q

What are some signs & symptoms of low vision in children? (3)

A
  1. Physical changes of eye/faces (frequent eye rubbing, only using one eye, bringing things closer, head tilting, wandering eyes, redness, eye pain, squinting)
  2. Changes in vision: complains blurry, holds things closer to eye
  3. Change in behavior: irritable, avoid work, short attention span
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22
Q

How does low vision impacts a child cognition?

A

learns differently (imitation, tactile/auditory learning)

Evaluation can be difficult

Delayed cognitive milestones (object permanence, deferred imitation)

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23
Q

How does low vision impact language in a child

A

different or delayed

Difficulty perceiving non verbal communication

Delayed pronoun use, may have different 1st word (use of labels or over extension of words to categorize related concepts like doggie instead of 4 legged animal)

24
Q

how does low vision affect GM in children

A

reduced GM

Less active, fitness

delay: rolling, sitting, walking

Depth perception difficulty (stairs, cubs)

Eye hand/eye foot coordination difficulty (throwing ball)

25
Q

how does low vision affect FM in children

A

difficulty reaching, hand eye coordination

Head tilting

26
Q

how does low vision impact socialization/play in children

A

limited pretend play

Difficulty with non verbal
cues and facial expression

turn taking and sharing more difficult

27
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of color for 0-3 mo?

A

they prefer geometric black and white patterns

28
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of color for CVI?

A

respond better to red/yellow

29
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of color in general

A

priotize primary colors

30
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of contrast at school and at home

A
  1. use bright yellow tape on staircase
  2. use contrasting placement mat for mealtime
  3. white glue/soap in dark dish/bottle
  4. contrasting chalk
31
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of size

A
  • larger print book
  • CCTV
  • Magnifier
32
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of audition

A
  • use sound to guide around space (ex: fridge)

- use talking utilities (clock, scale…)

33
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of lighting

A

change position of light to avoid shadow/glare

Choose material that max light absorption (matte)

Sunglasses

34
Q

what low vision compensatory strategies should be used in terms of posiitoning

A
  • good position in class

- slanted desk w added lamp

35
Q

What is strabismus? how is it managed

A

Poor alignment of eyes when looking at object => can cause amblyopia (brain ignores input from deviated eye)

  • can be managed w glasses/eye path
36
Q

What is oculomotor dysfunction

A

Difficulty w pursuits OR saccades OR fixation => diff reading, copying information, headache, poor coordination, ball skills

37
Q

What is refractory error?

A

Shape of eye of lens does not bend correctly => blurred vision

hyperopia: blurry when objects close (+)
myopia: blurry when objects far (-)

Astigmatism: blurry when far and and close (d/t oval eye)

38
Q

What ax can be used to address low vision in children? (4)

A

Bayleys
Peabody developmental motor scales
BOT-2
PEDI

39
Q

When does a baby start hearing for the first time?

A

20 wk in utero

40
Q

Describe the development of audition between 0-3 mo

A

startle at loud noises

Calm when hear familiar voice

41
Q

describe the auditory milestones at 3-6 mo (3)

A

makes noise with mouth

Turn head to look for voice they recognize

like toys that make sounds

42
Q

describe the milestones of audition from 6-12 mo (4)

A

Responds to own name

Turn to recognized sound

Babbles (dadda, mamma)

Undestands “no”, “bye bye”

43
Q

what are the auditory milestones at 12-18 mo (5)

A

first word

Follow 1 step direction

Understands simple instruction

Points to body part on self or book

imitates animal noise

44
Q

what are the auditory milestones at 18-24 mo

A

50 word at 18 mo; 200 words at 24 mo

Follow 2 step directions

Begins 2 word combination

understands: go find, show me

45
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

blockage at middle ear (fluid, wax)

46
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

affected inner ear

47
Q

what is mixed hearing loss

A

conductive & sensorineural hearing loss

48
Q

what is auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder?

A

difficulty processing sound even though no problem receiving auditory stimuli

49
Q

What is the speech banana?

A

need 0-50 db to be able to hear speech/language

50
Q

Name 6 communication strategies used for children w hearing loss

A

make sure hearing aid is on and batteries work

Position yourself on child’s good ear side

Get child’s attention before speaking

Talk slowly facing child

Maintain eye contact

Try to limit extra sound to not distract

51
Q

What does a hearing aid do? how does it benefit a child?

A

amplifies sound => better axes to speech and allows monitoring of own voice

reduces feelings of isolation

52
Q

what are the disadvantages of a hearing aid in children?

A
  • requires habituation
  • amplifies ALL sound
  • sound at distance remain difficult
53
Q

Describe cochlear implant

A

most successful at restoring access to sound => full access to speech sound

Need to have intact cochlear nerve (CN VII)
Often unilateral hearing

54
Q

what is bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA/PONTO)

A
  • direct stimulation of cochlea via vibration inserted at mastoid bone (for clients who cannot use regular hearing aid)
55
Q

What is the FM system

A

Direct connection between speaker (microphone) and child’s ear (receiver)
=> most effective wat to enhance speech audibility and perception

547 (22 decks)

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