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Major Subjs > Sensory and Motor Systems: Visual System > Flashcards

Sensory and Motor Systems: Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Whether we’re searching for food or scanning the millions of colors displayed by a computer monitor, the process of vision begins with ____.

A

light

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2
Q

the energy we can see, is one form of electromagnetic radiation produced by the sun.

A

Visible light

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3
Q

the distance between successive peaks of waves, is decoded by the visual system either as color or as shades of gray.

A

Wavelength

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4
Q

refers to the height of each wave, which is translated by the visual system as brightness.

A

Amplitude

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5
Q

Individual, indivisible, very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

A

Photons

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6
Q

can also be described as the movement of tiny, indivisible particles known as photons.

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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7
Q

Electromagnetic radiation can also be described as the movement of tiny, indivisible particles known as ______.

A

photons

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8
Q

Photons always travel at the same speed (the so-called speed of light), but they can ________.

A

vary in the amount of energy they possess

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9
Q

The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between ________.

A

400 and 700 nanometers (nm)

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10
Q

The ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location.

A

absorption

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11
Q

The bending back of light toward its source.

A

reflection

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12
Q

The deflection, or changing of direction, of light at a boundary such as that between air and water.

A

refraction

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13
Q

_____ and _____ determine the colors we see.

A

Absorption, reflection

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14
Q

The color of an object is not some intrinsic characteristic of the object but, rather, the result of the wavelengths of light that are ______ and ________ by the object.

A

selectively absorbed, reflected

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15
Q

clothing keeps us cooler because materials perceived as white or _______ reflect more electromagnetic energy.

A

Light-colored

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16
Q

clothing keeps us warmer because these materials absorb more electromagnetic energy.

A

Dark-colored

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17
Q

Visual System
Line of Defense

A

Orbit of the skull
Eyelids
Blink
Tears

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18
Q

can deflect many blows

A

Orbit of the skull

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19
Q

can be opened and closed either voluntarily or involuntarily.

A

Eyelids

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20
Q

Involuntary closure of the eyelids protects the eye from incoming objects and moistens and cleans the front of the eye.

A

Blink

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21
Q

another feature of the eyes’ protective system, are produced in the lacrimal gland at the outer corner of each eye.

A

Tears

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22
Q

The fluid is composed primarily of _____ and ____ but also contains proteins, glucose, and substances that kill bacteria.

A

water, salt

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23
Q

Tears flush away ____ and ____ and _____ so that the eyelids don’t scratch the surface during blinks.

A

dust, debris, moisten the eye

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24
Q

The “white” outer covering of the eye.

A

sclera

25
Q

The transparent outer layer of the eye.

A

cornea

26
Q

The area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing aqueous humor.

A

anterior chamber

27
Q

The fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

aqueous humor

28
Q

The opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.

A

Pupil

29
Q

The circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil.

A

Iris

30
Q

The clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.

A

lens

31
Q

The elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.

A

retina

32
Q

Specialized sensory cell in the retina that responds to light.

A

photoreceptor

33
Q

The fiber pathway formed by the axons of the ganglion cells as they leave the eye.

A

optic nerve

34
Q

The area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye.

A

optic disk

35
Q

A 6 mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed vision.

A

macula

36
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.

A

central vision

37
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.

A

peripheral vision

38
Q

A small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.

A

fovea

39
Q

The pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.

A

epithelium

40
Q

2 types of Photoreceptors

A

Rods, Cones

41
Q

A photoreceptor that responds to low levels of light but not to color. Responsible for scotopic vision, or the ability to see in dim light.

A

Rods

42
Q

A photoreceptor that operates in bright conditions and responds differentially to color. Cones are responsible for photopic vision, or vision in bright light.

A

Cones

43
Q

is the process of translating a physical stimulus into electrical signals that can be understood and processed by the nervous system.

A

Transduction

44
Q

is usually defined as the obtaining of information from the environment and the transmission of that information to the brain.

A

Sensation

45
Q

involves the interpretation, or meaningful analysis, of sensory data.

A

Perception

46
Q

considered to be the primary colors of light.

A

Red, Green, and Blue

47
Q

suggests that human color vision is based on our having three (tri) different color photopigments.

A

Trichromacy theory

48
Q

A theory of human color vision based on three antagonistic color channels: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

A

opponent process theory

49
Q

(having two cone photopigments) is the most common type of abnormality and results from a missing or abnormal cone pigment. Because genes for the red and green photopigments appear on the X chromosome, this type of dichromacy is sex-linked, Men are about ten times more likely to be colorblind than women

A

Dichromacy

50
Q

The ability to see in black and white only.

A

monochromacy

51
Q

A condition characterized by having three cone photopigments that respond to slightly different wavelengths than normal.

A

anomalous trichromacy

52
Q

people with four different color pigments (Neitz, Kraft, & Neitz, 1998). These individuals match colors in a manner that would be predicted by their having four color pigments rather than three.

A

tetrachromats

53
Q

describes the fact that an object’s colors do not appear to change even as the light falling on that object changes.

A

Color constancy

54
Q

Lazy eye, or _____, occurs when one eye cannot focus on objects.

A

amblyopia

55
Q

result from clouding of the lens of the eye.

A

Cataracts

56
Q

Difficulty seeing distant objects. Elongation of the eyeball

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

57
Q

Difficulty seeing close objects, reading. Shortening of the eyeball.

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

58
Q

A distortion of vision caused by the shape of the cornea.

A

astigmatism

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