INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

is defined as “the branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes”

Answer 1

Biological psychology

Question 2

are not the sources of intellect, reason, sensation, and movement – during the old times.

Answer 2

Brain and Nervous systems

Question 3

drilling procedure. We can assume that the patient lived through the procedure and that this was not a postmortem ritual. What is less clear is the intent of such surgeries. Possibly, these early surgeons hoped to release demons or relieve feelings of pressure (Clower & Finger, 2001).

Answer 3

Trephining or Trepanation

Question 4

represents the oldest known medical writing in history (5,000 years old).

Answer 4

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Question 5

Greek scholars of the fourth century b.c. proposed that the brain was the _____.

Answer 5

organ of sensation

Question 6

went further by suggesting that the brain was also the source of intelligence. He correctly identified epilepsy as originating in the brain.

Answer 6

Hippocrates

Question 7

believed that the heart was the source of intellect.

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

who is often referred to as the father of anatomy, believed that the ventricles (the fluid-filled cavities in the brain) played this important role.

Answer 8

Herophilus

Question 9

a Greek physician serving the Roman Empire and believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting messages to and from the brain.

Answer 9

Galen

Question 10

Fluids flowing within the _____ were believed to be ______ with fluids in the nerves.

Answer 10

ventricles, continuous

Question 11

French philosopher whom Galen gained support from

Answer 11

Rene Descartes

Question 12

A philosophical perspective put forward by Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic, whereas the mind is separate and nonphysical.

Answer 12

Mind-body dualism

Question 13

A philosophical perspective characteristic of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as the product of activity in the brain and nervous system.

Answer 13

Monism

Question 14

microscopes

Answer 14

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 15

observer of electricity

Answer 15

Benjamin Franklin

Question 16

established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system.

Answer 16

Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond

Question 17

had connected wires from a rooftop antenna to the legs of his frogs, and electrical disturbances in passing clouds would make the frogs twitch in unison.

Answer 17

Galvani

Question 18

continued to support the concept of the nervous system as a vast, interconnected network of continuous fibers.

Answer 18

Camillo Golgi

Question 19

argued that the nervous system was composed of an array of separate, independent cells.

Answer 19

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 20

Cajal’s concept came to be known as the _____.

Answer 20

Neuron Doctrine

Question 21

The notion that certain body functions are controlled by certain areas of the brain, called _______, began with an idea proposed by _______ and elaborated by ________.

Answer 21

localization of function, Franz Josef Gall, Johann Casper Spurzheim

Question 22

The examination of body tissues following death.

Answer 22

Autopsy

Question 23

An imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images.

Answer 23

Computerized tomography (CT)

Question 24

An imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity.

Answer 24

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 25

An imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images.

Answer 25

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 26

A technology using a series of MRI images taken 1 to 4 seconds apart in order to assess the activity of the brain.

Answer 26

functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 27

A technology for studying the activity of the brain through recordings from electrodes placed on the scalp.

Answer 27

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 28

A technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain.

Answer 28

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 29

an injury to neural tissue and can be either naturally occurring or deliberately produced.

Answer 29

lesion

Question 30

large areas of brain tissue are surgically removed

Answer 30

Ablation

Question 31

Biological explanations of behavior fall into four categories:

Answer 31

physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional.

Question 32

relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. It deals with the machinery of the body—for example, the chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contractions.

Answer 32

physiological explanation

Question 33

describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

Answer 33

ontogenetic explanation

Question 34

reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.

Answer 34

evolutionary explanation

Question 35

describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Within a small, isolated population, a gene can spread by accident through a process called genetic drift.

Answer 35

functional explanation