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Major Subjs > Sensory and Motor Systems: Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste > Flashcards

Sensory and Motor Systems: Hearing, Touch, Smell, and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of hearing.

A

audition

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2
Q

Sound Reflection Is Used in ______

A

Echolocation

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3
Q

We use the sense of audition, or hearing, to _____

A

to identify objects in the environment and to determine where objects are in relation to our bodies.

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4
Q

The height of a periodic curve measured on its vertical axis.

A

Amplitude

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5
Q

The number of cycles of a periodic wave per unit of time.

A

Frequency

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6
Q

A unit used to express a difference in intensity between two sounds.

A

Decibel (dB)

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7
Q

A unit of sound frequency equal to one cycle per second.

A

Hertz (Hz)

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8
Q

The quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and volume.

A

Timbre

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9
Q

Sound at frequencies above the range of human hearing, or higher than about 20,000 Hz.

A

Ultrasound

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10
Q

Sound at frequencies below the range of human hearing, or lower than about 20 Hz.

A

Infrasound

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11
Q

The components that make up the ear are generally divided into three parts:

A

The Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear.

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12
Q

The visible part of the outer ear.

A

Pinna

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13
Q

A tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to the tympanic membrane.

A

Auditory canal

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14
Q

forms the boundary between the outer ear and middle ear.

A

Tympanic membrane, or eardrum

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15
Q

A membrane that forms the boundary between the middle and inner ears.

A

Oval window

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16
Q

The bones of the middle ear.

A

Ossicles

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17
Q

3 parts of ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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18
Q

The purpose of these bones in the middle ear is to ______

A

transfer sound energy from the outside air to the fluid in the inner ear without losing too much of it.

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19
Q

The protective restriction of the movement of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles, resulting in a reduction of sound to the inner ear by a factor of 30 dB.

A

Acoustic reflex

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20
Q

two muscles in the middle ear

A

1.Tensor tympani
2.Stapedius

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21
Q

The _____ contains two sets of fluid-filled cavities embedded in the temporal bone of the skull.

A

inner ear

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22
Q

The fluid-filled _____ contains specialized receptor cells that respond to the vibrations transmitted to the inner ear.

A

cochlea

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23
Q

The cochlea is about ____ long and ____ in diameter. When rolled up like a _____, the human cochlea is about the size of a ____. (“____” in Greek)

A

32 mm, 2 mm, snail shell, pea, snail

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24
Q

Cochlea’s three parallel chambers:

A

Vestibular canal
Tympanic canal
Apex

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25
Q

The part of the cochlea most distant from the oval window.

A

Apex

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26
Q

Fluid found in the vestibular and tympanic canals of the inner ear.

A

Perilymph

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27
Q

One of three chambers found in the cochlea.

A

Cochlear duct

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28
Q

The fluid found in the cochlear duct.

A

Endolymph

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29
Q

A membrane that separates the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct in the inner ear.

A

Reissner’s membrane

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30
Q

A structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct.

A

Basilar membrane

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31
Q

A membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal.

A

Round window

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32
Q

A structure within the cochlear duct responsible for translating vibrations in the inner ear into neural messages.

A

Organ of Corti

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33
Q

The movement of the basilar membrane is sensed by the _____ attached to the organ of Corti.

A

hair cells

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34
Q

Out of the approximately _____ hair cells in each human inner ear, about _____ of them are known as _______, which are the actual _____. The remaining ____ hair cells are known as , which appear to ____.

A

15,500, 3,500, inner hair cells, auditory receptors, 12,000, outer hair cells, amplify sound

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35
Q

Movement of the cilia back and forth within the endolymph alternately hyperpolarizes and depolarizes the hair cells away from their resting potential of _____.

A

−70mV

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36
Q

The amount of movement needed to produce a response in the hair cells is _____.

A

quite small

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37
Q

Cortex located just below the lateral fissure in the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of auditory information.

A

primary auditory cortex

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37
Q

Structure found in the inner ear whose axons form the auditory nerve.

A

spiral ganglion

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38
Q

Primary auditory cortex.

A

Heschl’s gyrus

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39
Q

Areas surrounding Heschl’s gyrus in the temporal lobe that process more complex types of stimuli.

A

secondary auditory cortex

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40
Q

The part of the human secondary auditory cortex that specifically decodes speech.

A

Wernicke’s area

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41
Q

A person is considered legally deaf when speech sounds of _____ cannot be heard.

A

82 dB or less

42
Q

Typical speech occurs at about _____.

A

60 dB

43
Q

Hearing loss resulting from problems in the outer or middle ear is referred to as _____.

A

conduction loss

44
Q

After the age of 30, most people cannot hear frequencies above ___. After the age of 50, most people can’t hear sounds above ___, and people over 70 have difficulty with sounds over __. Because speech normally ranges up to ___, many elderly people begin to have difficulty understanding the speech of others.

A

15,000 Hz, 12,000 Hz, 6,000 Hz, 8,000 Hz

45
Q

Conduction loss can result from a buildup of ___ in the _____, _____ of the ____, and a disease known as _____.

A

wax, ear canal, infections, middle ear, otosclerosis

46
Q

The system that provides information about the body senses, including touch, movement, pain, and temperature.

A

somatosensory system

47
Q

The sensory system that provides information about the position and movement of the head.

A

vestibular system

48
Q

Two Types of Vestibular Structures

A

Otolith organ, Semicircular canal

49
Q

A structure in the inner ear vestibular system that provides information about the angle of the head relative to the ground and about linear acceleration.

A

Otolith organ

50
Q

One of three looping chambers found in the inner ear that provide information regarding the rotation of the head.

A

Semicircular canal

51
Q

the largest and heaviest organ of the human body and provides a boundary separating what is inside from what is outside. It prevents dehydration and protects the body from dirt and bacteria.

A

Skin

52
Q

two basic varieties, of skin:

A

1.hairy skin
2.glabrous, or hairless skin (ex. lips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet)

53
Q

Outer layers of the skin:

A

1.Epidermis (outer)
2.Dermis (inner)

54
Q

The outermost layer of the epidermis is actually constructed of ______.

A

dead cells

55
Q

Below the dermis, we find ______, which contains connective tissues and fat.

A

subcutaneous tissue

56
Q

Human skin varies dramatically in thickness across different areas of the body, from about ____ on your face to ______ on the bottom of your foot.

A

half a millimeter, twenty times that thickness

57
Q

A skin receptor that senses touch, pressure, or vibration.

A

Mechanoreceptor

58
Q

A mechanoreceptor in which the axon fibers are surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule formed of connective tissue.

A

Encapsulated receptor

59
Q

responds primarily to pressure.

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

60
Q

provides information about pressure and vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

61
Q

provides information primarily about pressure.

A

Merkel’s disk

62
Q

provides information regarding stretch.

A

Ruffini’s ending

63
Q

The sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system are classified into four categories based on diameter and speed.

A

Aδ (alpha-delta) fiber
C fiber
Aα (alpha-alpha)
The Aβ (alpha-beta) class

64
Q

A myelinated fiber that carries information about cold and sharp pain to the central nervous system.

A

Aδ (alpha-delta) fiber

65
Q

A small, unmyelinated fiber that carries information about temperature, itch, and dull, aching pain to the central nervous system.

A

C fiber

66
Q

the largest fibers; carry information from the muscles.

A

Aα (alpha-alpha)

67
Q

carries information from the Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini’s endings toward the central nervous system.

A

Aβ (alpha-beta) class

68
Q

The spinal pathway that carries information about touch and position to the medulla.

A

Dorsal column

69
Q

The pathway originating in the dorsal column nuclei and synapsing in the ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus that is responsible for carrying information about touch and position.

A

Medial lemniscus

70
Q

A nerve that carries sensation from mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors, and pain receptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue, and the dura mater of the brain.

A

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

71
Q

occurs in the human somatosensory cortex as a result of both loss and enhancement of input.

A

Plasticity

72
Q

are free nerve endings in the skin that respond to surface temperature and are distributed in irregular patterns across the surface of the skin.

A

Thermoreceptors

73
Q

Spots that are approximately ___ in diameter respond to either hot or cold, but not to both. The skin between the spots is relatively ____ to temperature.

A

1 mm, insensitive

74
Q

The surface of your skin is typically about ____. ____ begin to fire at about 30°C and increase their firing rates as temperature increases to about 45°C. At this point, thermoreceptors begin to respond ____, and pain receptors begin to ____.

A

33°C, warm fibers, less, respond

75
Q

_____ begin to respond at skin temperatures of about 35°C and increase their response rate until the skin temperature decreases to about ____.

A

Cold fibers, 10°C

76
Q
A
77
Q

Below 10°C, ____ generally stops, leading to the _____ that occurs at cold temperatures.

A

firing, numbing loss of sensation

78
Q

No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, emotion, context, and experience as our sense of ___

A

pain

79
Q

Pain is not a perfect _____ system.

A

warning

80
Q

We need ____ to remind us to stop when we are injured, to assess a situation before proceeding, and to allow the body time to heal.

A

pain

81
Q

Free nerve endings that respond to pain are called _____.

A

nociceptors

82
Q

A variety of _____ can also activate nociceptors.

A

chemicals

83
Q

An interesting class of nociceptors responds to chemicals known as ____, a group that includes _____.

A

vanilloids, capsaicin

84
Q

fibers are responsible for that quick,sharp “ouch.”

A

Alpha delta

85
Q

The slower, unmyelinated ____ are responsible for dull, aching types of pain sensation.

A

C fibers

86
Q

Both types of ascending pain fibers appear to use ___ as their primary neurotransmitter.

A

glutamate

87
Q

A group of cells in the outer gray matter of the dorsal horn that receive synapses from pain fibers.

A

Substantia gelatinosa

88
Q

A neurotransmitter substance associated with the sense of pain that also serves as a stimulus at some nociceptors.

A

Substance P

89
Q

The sense of smell, begins with the detection of molecules suspended in the air.

A

Olfaction

90
Q

Individuals vary in their sensitivity to smell. As we age, our sensitivity to smell ____.

A

decreases

91
Q

Females are generally ____ sensitive to smell than males

A

more

92
Q

The layer in the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptors.

A

Olfactory epithelium

93
Q

Axons from the olfactory bulbs form the

A

olfactory tracts

94
Q

As these olfactory tracts proceed toward the brain, they are quite _____ to damage, particularly from traffic accidents.

A

vulnerable

95
Q

People typically respond to the resulting loss of their sense of ____ by developing symptoms of _____ (Deems et al., 1991) and often resort to flavoring their food with pepper sauce to give it some noticeable flavor

A

smell, depression

96
Q

The most likely original purpose of our sense of taste was to protect us from _______

A

eating poisonous or spoiled food.

97
Q

Four major categories of taste:

A

1.Sweet
2.Sour
3.Salty
4.Bitter
5.Umami

98
Q

One of the five basic taste groups, characteristic of tastes found in seaweed and other “meaty orsavory” elements of Asian cuisine.

A

Umami

99
Q

Receptors for taste are found not only on the tongue but also in other parts of the mouth.

A

Taste Receptors

100
Q

Bumps on the tongue containing taste buds and taste receptors.

A

Papillae

101
Q

Small fibers extending from taste receptors.

A

Microvilli

102
Q

The tongue also contains _____ that are sensitive to capsaicin, the main “hot” ingredient in peppers.

A

pain receptors

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