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Major Subjs > Foundations of Biopsychology: Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Foundations of Biopsychology: Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is made up of two types of cells

A

neurons and glia

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2
Q

specialized to carry out the functions of information processing and communication.

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons.

A

Glia

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4
Q

A small structure within a cell that carries out a specific function.

A

organelle

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5
Q

The main mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus and many organelles.

A

cell body / soma

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6
Q

The branch of a neuron usually responsible for carrying signals to other neurons.

A

axon

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7
Q

The branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons.

A

dendrite

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8
Q

The primary task of any _____ is to form a boundary between the cell and its external environment.

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

The ______ must separate the ______ of the cell’s interior from the _______ surrounding the neuron.

A

neural membrane, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid

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10
Q

Because they are fats, ______ do not dissolve in water. (oil and water do not mix).

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

Neural membranes consist of _______.

A

Neural membranes consist of double layers of phospholipid molecules.

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12
Q

Embedded within the ______ are proteins that serve as ion channels and ion pumps.

A

lipid layers

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13
Q

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass without the use of additional energy.

A

ion channel

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14
Q

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that uses energy to move ions across the membrane.

A

ion pump

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15
Q

Ion channels have the ability to _____ in response to stimuli in their immediate vicinity.

A

open and close

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16
Q

Some ion channels, known as _______, open and close in response to the electrical status of adjacent areas of membrane.

A

voltage-dependent channels

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17
Q

An ion channel in the neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers.

A

ligand-gated channel

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18
Q

An ion pump that uses energy to transfer three sodium ions to the extracellular fluid for every two potassium ions retrieved from the extracellular fluid.

A

sodium-potassium pump

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19
Q

A protein structure embedded in the neural membrane that uses energy to move calcium ions out of the cell.

A

calcium pump

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20
Q

Sodium-potassium and calcium pumps help ________ in chemical composition between the intracellular and extracellular fluids.

A

maintain the differences

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21
Q

The structural support that maintains the shape of the neuron is provided by the ________.

A

cytoskeleton

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22
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microtubule
Neurofilaments
microfilament

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23
Q

The largest fiber in the cell cytoskeleton, responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters and other products to and from the cell body.

A

microtubule

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24
Q

run parallel to the length of the axon and provide structural support.

A

Neurofilaments

25
Q

The smallest fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that may participate in the changing of the length and shape of axons and dendrites.

A

microfilament

26
Q

The substructure within a cell body that contains the cell’s DNA.

A

nucleus

27
Q

An organelle in the cell body involved with protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

28
Q

An organelle in the cell body that participates in protein synthesis.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

An organelle in the cell body that packages proteins in vesicles.

A

Golgi apparatus

30
Q

Organelles that provide energy to the cell

A

mitochondria

31
Q

produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

A

nucleolus

32
Q

specialized for the generation of action potentials.

A

axon hillock

33
Q

The fatty insulating material covering some axons that boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling.

A

Myelin

34
Q

The uncovered section of axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin.

A

node of Ranvier

35
Q

One of the branches near the end of the axon closest to its targets.

A

collateral

36
Q

The swelling at the tip of an axon collateral specialized for the release of neurotransmitter substances.

A

axon terminal

37
Q

A neuron with one branch that extends a short distance from the cell body then splits into two branches.

A

unipolar neuron

38
Q

A neuron with two branches: one axon and one dendrite.

A

bipolar neuron

39
Q

A neuron that has multiple branches, usually one axon and numerous dendrites.

A

multipolar neuron

40
Q

Types of neurons

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
schwann cell
microglia

41
Q

the cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons, are generally categorized by size.

A

glia

42
Q

the largest varieties of glial cells

A

macroglia

43
Q

smaller varieties of glial cells

A

microglia

44
Q

characterized by large concentrations of sodium and chloride ions and a relatively small concentration of potassium (K+) ions.

A

Extracellular fluid

45
Q

The measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane when the cell is not processing information.

A

resting potential

46
Q

The force that moves molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. (also through electrical force)

A

diffusion

47
Q

Depolarization of _____ (threshold for action potential)

A

-65mV

48
Q

2 types of synapse

A

chemical synapse, electrical synapse

49
Q

A type of synapse in which messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by chemical neurotransmitters.

A

chemical synapse

50
Q

A type of synapse in which a neuron directly affects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions from one cell to the other.

A

electrical synapse

51
Q

electrical synapse width of synaptic gap

A

3.5 nm

52
Q

chemical synapse width of synaptic gap

A

20 nm

53
Q

The process in which vesicles fuse with the membrane of the axon terminal and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic gap.

A

exocytosis

54
Q

A special protein structure embedded in neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers.

A

receptor site

55
Q

Methods for Deactivating Neurotransmitters

A

a)diffusion away from the synapse,
b)through the action of special enzymes, or
c)through reuptake.

56
Q

neurotransmitter diffuses away from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

A

Diffusion

57
Q

neurotransmitter molecules are deactivated in the synapse by enzymes in the synaptic gap.

A

Deactivating Enzymes

58
Q

the presynaptic membrane uses its own set of receptors known as ______

A

transporters

59
Q

the presynaptic membrane uses its own set of receptors known as transporters to recapture molecules of neurotransmitter substance and return them to the interior of the axon terminal.

A

Reuptake

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