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Major Subjs > ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal.

A

rostral / anterior

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2
Q

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal.

A

caudal / posterior

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3
Q

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

A

inferior / ventral

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4
Q

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal.

A

superior / dorsal

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5
Q

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

A

neuraxis

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6
Q

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.

A

midline

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7
Q

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

A

proximal

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8
Q

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs.

A

distal

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9
Q

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

A

meninges

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10
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater

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11
Q

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

dura mater

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12
Q

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

A

arachnoid layer

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13
Q

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

pia mater

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14
Q

All three of these layers of meninges cover the ____

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Viruses and bacteria can invade the layers of the meninges, causing ____

A

Meningitis

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16
Q

is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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17
Q

hollow spaces in the brain

A

ventricles

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18
Q

Because of its weight and composition, CSF essentially _____ the brain within the skull.

A

floats

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19
Q

The fluid acts like a ____ to soften the blow to your brain.

A

cushion

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20
Q

literally means water on the brain.

A

Hydrocephalus

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21
Q

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

A

Carotid artery

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22
Q

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

A

Vertebral artery

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23
Q

Significant brain damage occurs less than ____ after the stopping of a person’s heart.

A

three minutes

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24
Q

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

A

spinal cord

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25
Q

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

A

vertebral column

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26
Q

is made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons. The tissue looks white due to a fatty material known as myelin, which covers most human axons.

A

White matter

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27
Q

consists of areas primarily made up of cell bodies . The tissue appears gray because the cell bodies absorb some of the chemicals used to preserve the tissue, which stains them gray.

A

Gray matter

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28
Q

The knee jerk, or _____, that your doctor checks by tapping your knee, is an example of one type of spinal reflex.

A

patellar reflex

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29
Q

If you touch something hot or step on something sharp, your spinal cord produces a ______

A

withdrawal reflex

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30
Q

three neurons are involved in withdrawal reflex

A

a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron between them.

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31
Q

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

A

hindbrain

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32
Q

The most caudal part of the hindbrain.

A

The Myelencephalon (Medulla)

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33
Q

means “bridge” in Latin, and one of the roles of the ____ is to form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.

A

pons

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34
Q

actually means “little brain” in Latin. Contains more nerve cells (neurons) than the rest of the brain combined. Emphasizes its role in coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating balance.

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

2 parts of metencepaholon

A

pons and cerebellum

36
Q

the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain.

A

Midbrain or Mesencephalon

37
Q

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain.

A

periaqueductal gray

38
Q

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

A

cerebral aqueduct

39
Q

motor control

A

Red nucleus and Substantia nigra

40
Q

vision

A

Superior colliculi

41
Q

Audition

A

Inferior colliculi

42
Q

contains the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain.

A

The Forebrain

43
Q

two divisions of The Forebrain

A

Diencephalon, Telencephalon

44
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

45
Q

bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Telencephalon

46
Q

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

A

thalamus

47
Q

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones.

A

pituitary gland

49
Q

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

A

basal ganglia

50
Q

The limbic system

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Anterior cingulate cortex
Posterior cingulate cortex
septal area
olfactory bulbs
parahippocampal gyrus
mammillary bodies
fornix

51
Q

declarative memory formation

A

hippocampus

52
Q

fear, aggression, memory

A

amygdala

53
Q

aggression; regulation of hunger, thirst, sex, temperature, circadian rhytms, hormones

A

hypothalamus

54
Q

decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation of reward, pain, and empathy

A

anterior cingulate cortex

55
Q

eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory

A

posterior cingulate cortex

56
Q

reward

A

septal area

57
Q

olfaction (smell)

A

olfactory bulbs

58
Q

memory

A

parahippocampal gyrus

59
Q

part of the hypothalamus; memory

A

mammillary bodies

60
Q

connects the hippocampus to mammillary bodies and other parts of the brain

A

fornix

61
Q

led a previously unremarkable life, killed several family members and then climbed a clock tower at the University ofTexas, Austin in 1966.

A

Charles Whitman

62
Q

He methodically opened fire on the people below, killing 15 and injuring 31. He was killed by police and was later found to have _____

A

a tumor pressing on his amygdala.

63
Q

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres is known as the ___, from the Latin word for “bark.”

A

cortex

64
Q

Like the bark of a tree, the cerebral cortex is a thin layer of ____ that varies from _____ in thickness in different parts of the brain.

A

gray matter, 1.5 mm to 4 mm

65
Q

hills of the cortex

A

Gyrus / Gyri

66
Q

valleys of the cortex

A

Sulcus/Sulci

67
Q

Possibly the most dramatic case of frontal lobe damage is that of the unfortunate ____, a railroad worker in the middle 1800s.

A

Phineas Gage

68
Q

The role of the ______ is to carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.

A

peripheral nervous system

69
Q

The peripheral nervous system contains three structural divisions:

A

the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.

70
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

71
Q

Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system.

A

cranial nerves

72
Q

12 cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
occulomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accesory
hypoglossal

73
Q

Each spinal nerve is also known as a _______, because it contains a sensory, or _____, nerve (a means toward the CNS in this case, as in access) and a motor, or ______, nerve (e means away from the CNS, as in exit).

A

mixed nerve, afferent, efferent

74
Q

Your heart, lungs, digestive system, and other organs are commanded by the ______

A

Autonomic Nervous System

75
Q

You might think of this system as the ____, or “_____,” nervous system. It manages many vital functions without conscious effort or awareness.

A

automatic, cruise control

76
Q

A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure.

A

biofeedback

77
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. Fight-or-flight

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. The job of the parasympathetic nervous system is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage.

A

Parasympthetic

79
Q

The brain structure that plays the greatest role in managing the autonomic nervous system is the _____.

A

hypothalamus

80
Q

Single-cell organisms appeared about _____ years ago, and animals with very simple nerve nets first developed about years ago.

A

3.5 billion, 700 million

81
Q

More complex animals, with the first rudimentary brains, appeared about _____ years ago, and the first human brain probably appeared about ______ years ago.

A

250 million, 7 million

82
Q

The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully.

A

Natural selection

83
Q

Animals with spinal columns and real brains are referred to as vertebrates, or _______

A

chordates

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