ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal.

Answer 1

rostral / anterior

Question 2

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal.

Answer 2

caudal / posterior

Question 3

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

Answer 3

inferior / ventral

Question 4

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal.

Answer 4

superior / dorsal

Question 5

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

Answer 5

neuraxis

Question 6

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.

Answer 6

midline

Question 7

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

Answer 7

proximal

Question 8

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs.

Answer 8

distal

Question 9

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

Answer 9

meninges

Question 10

3 layers of meninges

Answer 10

dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater

Question 11

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 11

dura mater

Question 12

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

Answer 12

arachnoid layer

Question 13

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 13

pia mater

Question 14

All three of these layers of meninges cover the ____

Answer 14

brain and spinal cord

Question 15

Viruses and bacteria can invade the layers of the meninges, causing ____

Answer 15

Meningitis

Question 16

is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles.

Answer 16

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 17

hollow spaces in the brain

Answer 17

ventricles

Question 18

Because of its weight and composition, CSF essentially _____ the brain within the skull.

Answer 18

floats

Question 19

The fluid acts like a ____ to soften the blow to your brain.

Answer 19

cushion

Question 20

literally means water on the brain.

Answer 20

Hydrocephalus

Question 21

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

Answer 21

Carotid artery

Question 22

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

Answer 22

Vertebral artery

Question 23

Significant brain damage occurs less than ____ after the stopping of a person’s heart.

Answer 23

three minutes

Question 24

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

Answer 24

spinal cord

Question 25

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

Answer 25

vertebral column

Question 26

is made up of nerve fibers known as axons, the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons. The tissue looks white due to a fatty material known as myelin, which covers most human axons.

Answer 26

White matter

Question 27

consists of areas primarily made up of cell bodies . The tissue appears gray because the cell bodies absorb some of the chemicals used to preserve the tissue, which stains them gray.

Answer 27

Gray matter

Question 28

The knee jerk, or _____, that your doctor checks by tapping your knee, is an example of one type of spinal reflex.

Answer 28

patellar reflex

Question 29

If you touch something hot or step on something sharp, your spinal cord produces a ______

Answer 29

withdrawal reflex

Question 30

three neurons are involved in withdrawal reflex

Answer 30

a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron between them.

Question 31

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Answer 31

hindbrain

Question 32

The most caudal part of the hindbrain.

Answer 32

The Myelencephalon (Medulla)

Question 33

means “bridge” in Latin, and one of the roles of the ____ is to form connections between the medulla and higher brain centers as well as with the cerebellum.

Answer 33

pons

Question 34

actually means “little brain” in Latin. Contains more nerve cells (neurons) than the rest of the brain combined. Emphasizes its role in coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating balance.

Answer 34

Cerebellum

Question 35

2 parts of metencepaholon

Answer 35

pons and cerebellum

Question 36

the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain.

Answer 36

Midbrain or Mesencephalon

Question 37

Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain.

Answer 37

periaqueductal gray

Question 38

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 38

cerebral aqueduct

Question 39

motor control

Answer 39

Red nucleus and Substantia nigra

Question 40

vision

Answer 40

Superior colliculi

Question 41

Audition

Answer 41

Inferior colliculi

Question 42

contains the most advanced and most recently evolved structures of the brain.

Answer 42

The Forebrain

Question 43

two divisions of The Forebrain

Answer 43

Diencephalon, Telencephalon

Question 44

thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 44

Diencephalon

Question 45

bulk of the symmetrical left and right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 45

Telencephalon

Question 46

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

Answer 46

thalamus

Question 47

A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression.

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones.

Answer 48

pituitary gland

Question 49

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

Answer 49

basal ganglia

Question 50

The limbic system

Answer 50

Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Anterior cingulate cortex Posterior cingulate cortex septal area olfactory bulbs parahippocampal gyrus mammillary bodies fornix

Question 51

declarative memory formation

Answer 51

hippocampus

Question 52

fear, aggression, memory

Answer 52

amygdala

Question 53

aggression; regulation of hunger, thirst, sex, temperature, circadian rhytms, hormones

Answer 53

hypothalamus

Question 54

decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation of reward, pain, and empathy

Answer 54

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 55

eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory

Answer 55

posterior cingulate cortex

Question 56

reward

Answer 56

septal area

Question 57

olfaction (smell)

Answer 57

olfactory bulbs

Question 58

memory

Answer 58

parahippocampal gyrus

Question 59

part of the hypothalamus; memory

Answer 59

mammillary bodies

Question 60

connects the hippocampus to mammillary bodies and other parts of the brain

Answer 60

fornix

Question 61

led a previously unremarkable life, killed several family members and then climbed a clock tower at the University ofTexas, Austin in 1966.

Answer 61

Charles Whitman

Question 62

He methodically opened fire on the people below, killing 15 and injuring 31. He was killed by police and was later found to have _____

Answer 62

a tumor pressing on his amygdala.

Question 63

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres is known as the ___, from the Latin word for “bark.”

Answer 63

cortex

Question 64

Like the bark of a tree, the cerebral cortex is a thin layer of ____ that varies from _____ in thickness in different parts of the brain.

Answer 64

gray matter, 1.5 mm to 4 mm

Question 65

hills of the cortex

Answer 65

Gyrus / Gyri

Question 66

valleys of the cortex

Answer 66

Sulcus/Sulci

Question 67

Possibly the most dramatic case of frontal lobe damage is that of the unfortunate ____, a railroad worker in the middle 1800s.

Answer 67

Phineas Gage

Question 68

The role of the ______ is to carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.

Answer 68

peripheral nervous system

Question 69

The peripheral nervous system contains three structural divisions:

Answer 69

the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 70

Somatic nervous system

Answer 70

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 71

Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 71

cranial nerves

Question 72

12 cranial nerves

Answer 72

olfactory optic occulomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial auditory glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accesory hypoglossal

Question 73

Each spinal nerve is also known as a _______, because it contains a sensory, or _____, nerve (a means toward the CNS in this case, as in access) and a motor, or ______, nerve (e means away from the CNS, as in exit).

Answer 73

mixed nerve, afferent, efferent

Question 74

Your heart, lungs, digestive system, and other organs are commanded by the ______

Answer 74

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 75

You might think of this system as the ____, or “_____,” nervous system. It manages many vital functions without conscious effort or awareness.

Answer 75

automatic, cruise control

Question 76

A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure.

Answer 76

biofeedback

Question 77

The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. Fight-or-flight

Answer 77

Sympathetic

Question 78

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. The job of the parasympathetic nervous system is to provide rest, repair, and energy storage.

Answer 78

Parasympthetic

Question 79

The brain structure that plays the greatest role in managing the autonomic nervous system is the _____.

Answer 79

hypothalamus

Question 80

Single-cell organisms appeared about _____ years ago, and animals with very simple nerve nets first developed about years ago.

Answer 80

3.5 billion, 700 million

Question 81

More complex animals, with the first rudimentary brains, appeared about _____ years ago, and the first human brain probably appeared about ______ years ago.

Answer 81

250 million, 7 million

Question 82

The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully.

Answer 82

Natural selection

Question 83

Animals with spinal columns and real brains are referred to as vertebrates, or _______

Answer 83

chordates