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Anatomy > Senses - Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Senses - Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Another word for sensory information

A

stimuli

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2
Q

sensation refers to as what?

A

conscious awareness to stimuli

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3
Q

What are the 2 classes of receptors?

A

general sense receptors and special sense receptors

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4
Q

What do general sense receptors detect?

A

temperature, pain, youch, stretch, and pressure

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5
Q

What do special sense receptors detect?

A

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

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6
Q

Where are general sense receptors housed?

A

throughout skin and organs

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7
Q

Where are special sense receptors housed?

A

in complex organs in the head

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8
Q

What are the 3 criteria used to describe receptors?

A

stimulus origin, receptor distribution, and modality of stimulus

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9
Q

Area through which the sensitive ends of a receptor cell are distributed is referred to as what?

A

receptive fields

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10
Q

Describe the receptor of smaller receptive fields

A

more sensitive and precise the receptor is to the location and nature of the stimulus

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11
Q

What is gustation?

A

sense of taste

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12
Q

Gustatory cells are known as what?

A

taste buds

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13
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

on the dorsal surface of the tongue in papillae

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14
Q

Elevated epithelial and connective tissues located on the dorsal surface of the tongue are called what?

A

papillae

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae?

A

filiform, fungiform, valiate, and foliate

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16
Q

What are taste buds composed of?

A

numerous cells called gustatory cells, which are enclosed in supporting cells

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17
Q

Each gustatory cell has a dendritic ending called a what?

A

gustatory microvilli or taste hair

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18
Q

Taste hairs are activated by what in the oral cavity?

A

taste molecules

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19
Q

Taste buds from the anterior 2/3 of tongue conduct gustatory information through which cranial nerve?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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20
Q

Taste buds from the posterior 1/3 of tongue conduct gustatory information through which cranial nerve?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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21
Q

Olfaction is what?

A

sense of smell

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22
Q

What olfactory epithelium consists of what 3 cell types?

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

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23
Q

Where are olfactory hairs located?

A

at the apical end of the olfactory receptor cells, are free nerve endings

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24
Q

olfactory bulb neurons project axon bundles called what?

A

olfactory tracts

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25
Q

Where are the photoreceptors for vision located?

A

inside the eye

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26
Q

photoreceptors detect what?

A

light, color, and movement

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27
Q

What does the conjunctiva contain?

A

goblet cells to lubricate and moisten eyes

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28
Q

Conjunctiva is located where?

A

lines anterior surface of eye and inner surface of eyelid

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29
Q

What is the function of eyebrows?

A

prevent sweat from dripping into the eye

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30
Q

What is the function of eyelashes?

A

prevent large foreign objects from contacting the eyes

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31
Q

What are the eyelids (palpebrae)?

A

moveable anterior [rotective covering of the eye

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32
Q

What is the function of tarsal glands (meibomian gland)?

A

contain sebaceous glands to prevent tear overflow and the eyelids from sticking together

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33
Q

Where are the tarsal glands located?

A

located within both eyelids

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34
Q

What is the papillary fissure?

A

opening between the 2 eyelids

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35
Q

What are the medial and lateral commissures?

A

where eyelids unite at their medial and lateral borders

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36
Q

small reddish structure at medial commissure is called what?

A

lacrimal caruncle

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37
Q

What does the lacrimal caruncle contain?

A

modified sweat glands

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38
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

produce, collect, and drain lacrimal fluid (tears) from the eye

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39
Q

What is the function of tears?

A

to lubricate anterior surface of the eye to help prevent bacterial infections

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40
Q

Tears contain antibiotic-like enzymes called what?

A

lysozyme

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41
Q

What are the 4 components of the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  • lacrimal caruncle
  • lacrimal puncta
  • lacrimal canaliculus
  • nasolacrimal duct
42
Q

What does the lacrimal caruncle contain?

A

modified sweat glands

43
Q

What is lacrimal puncta?

A

small holes in the caruncle

44
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal canaliculus?

A

drain lacrimal fluid into lacrimal sac

45
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

receive tears from lacrimal sac and drain fluid into nasal cavity

46
Q

What are the 3 principal layers of the eye?

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. retina
47
Q

What fibrous tunic is composed of what 2 components?

A

cornea and sclera

48
Q

What are the 3 regions that the vascular tunic is composed of?

A
  • choroid, ciliary body, iris
49
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

maintains vast network of capillaries

50
Q

What is the ciliary body composed of?

A

ciliary muscles and ciliary processes

51
Q

Suspensory ligaments from ciliary body attach to what structure of the eye?

A

lens

52
Q

Contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles changes the shape of the lens and results in what?

A

focus of incoming light onto the retina

53
Q

What Iris contains 2 muscles, what are they?

A

sphincter pupillae muscles and dilator pupillae muscles

54
Q

Sphincter pupillae muscles are controlled by which division of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic system

55
Q

The sphincter pupillae muscles cause the pupil to do what?

A

contract

56
Q

Dilator pupillae muscles are controlled by which division of the ANS?

A

sympathetic system

57
Q

What dilator pupillae muscles cause the pupil to do what?

A

dilate

58
Q

The retina is composed of what 2 layers?

A

pigmented layer and neural layer

59
Q

The pigmented layer is attached to what?

A

the choroid

60
Q

What does the pigmented layer do?

A

absorb light that passes through the retina and provide photoreceptors with vitamin A

61
Q

What does the neural layer house?

A

photoreceptors

62
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural later?

A

photoreceptor layer, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

63
Q

Which neural layer is the deepest layer?

A

photoreceptor layer

64
Q

Which neural layer is the most superficial?

A

ganglion cell layer

65
Q

The “blind spot” on the retina is what?

A

optic disc

66
Q

Where is the optic disc located?

A

where ganglion cell axon exits retina to form optic nerve (CN II) and retinal arteries and veins enter and exit the reina

67
Q

The optic nerves lack what?

A

photoreceptors

68
Q

The fovea centralis is also known as the what?

A

central vision

69
Q

The fovea centralis contains what?

A

highest proportion of cones and almost no rods

70
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

detect different colors

71
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

detect lower levels of lights - require less energy

72
Q

Tension of ligaments attached to lens cause the lens to do what?

A

change shape

73
Q

Where is the anterior cavity located?

A

between the lens and cornea

74
Q

The anterior cavity is filled with that?

A

aqueous humor

75
Q

The aqueous humor drains into space called the what?

A

scleral venous sinus

76
Q

Where is the posterior cavity located?

A

posterior to lens and anterior to retina

77
Q

What posterior cavity is filled with what?

A

vitreous humor

78
Q

The organs of equilibrium and hearing are contained where?

A

the ear

79
Q

What are the 3 anatomical regions of the ear?

A

external, middle, and inner ear

80
Q

The skin-covered, funnel-shaped, elastic cartilage structure in the inner ear is called the what?

A

auricle

81
Q

The auricle leads to a bony tube called the what?

A

external acoustic meatus

82
Q

What is another name for the tympanic membrane?

A

eardrum

83
Q

What is cerumen?

A

wax-like secretion from the glands in external acoustic meatus

84
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

opening to the auditory tube

85
Q

What are the names of the 3 auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus (hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup)

86
Q

Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

87
Q

Where is the inner ear located?

A

spaces within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

88
Q

what is the bony labyrinth?

A

space in the inner ear

89
Q

The fluid-filled tubes in the bony labyrinth are called the what?

A

membraneous labyrinth

90
Q

What is housed in the membraneous labyrinth?

A

receptors for equilibrium

91
Q

What is the perilymph?

A

the space between the walls of the bony labyrinth and is filled with fluid similar to CSF

92
Q

The fluid that fills the membraneous labyrinth is called what?

A

endolymph

93
Q

What are the 3 regions of the bony labyrinth?

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

94
Q

The vestibular complex is composed of which 2 canals?

A

vestibule and semicircular canal

95
Q

What are the 2 sac-like membraneous labyrinth parts of the vestibule?

A

the utricle and saccule

96
Q

Membranous labyrinth within the semicurcular canal

A

semicircular ducts

97
Q

The cochlea houses a membraneous labyrinth called the what?

A

cochlear duct

98
Q

The maculae structure is located where?

A

along the internal walls of the utricle and saccule

99
Q

On the apical surface of the maculae structure, the stiff microvilli are called?

A

sternocilia

100
Q

What is the long cilium on the apical sure of the maculae structure called?

A

kinocilium

101
Q

What is the position of the kinocilium and sternocilia when it translates electrical activity to the brain?

A

bent position

Anatomy (15 decks)

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