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Anatomy > Endocrine System - Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts or no ducts?

A

Endocrine glands are ductless

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2
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

secrete hormones into the bloodstream to bring about homeostasis

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3
Q

In order for hormones to affect a cell or organ what must they have?

A

a specific receptor for that hormone

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4
Q

What are the 3 major classes of hormones?

A
  • peptide hormones
  • steroid hormones
  • biogenic amines
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5
Q

peptide hormones are also known as what?

A

growth hormones

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6
Q

steroid hormones are also known as what?

A

estrogen hormones

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7
Q

biogenic amines are also known as what?

A

thyroid hormones

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8
Q

What is the function of a feedback loop?

A

regulates hormone secretion

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback loops?

A

negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop

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10
Q

This feedback loop leads to a decrease in a reaction

A

negative feedback

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11
Q

This feedback loop accelerates the process

A

positive feedback

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12
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls and oversees most endocrine functions

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13
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

superior to pituitary gland

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14
Q

The hypothalamus controls endocrine activity in what 3 ways?

A
  • control release of regulatory hormone from anterior pituitary gland
  • secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
  • controls stimulation and secretion activities of adrenal medulla
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15
Q

What hypophysis is also known as the what?

A

pituitary gland

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16
Q

The pituitary land gland is connected to the hypothalamus by what?

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

What 2 parts is the hypophysis divided into?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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18
Q

What anterior pituitary is also known as the what?

A

adenohypophysis

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19
Q

What are the 3 areas of the adenohypophysis called?

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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20
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system does what?

A

where regulatory hormones travel through a blood vessel

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21
Q

What are the 5 types of anterior pituitary cells?

A
  • somatotrophs
  • thyrotrophs
  • gonadotrophs
  • lactotrophs
  • corticotrophs
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22
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted what what anterior pituitary cells?

A

somatotrophs

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23
Q

What does hGH stimulate?

A

tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factors

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24
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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25
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

A

controls secretions from thyroid gland

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26
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is secreted by what?

A

gonadotrophs

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27
Q

Gonadotrophs stimulates the secrete of what?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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28
Q

Estrogen and progesterone serves what function? (2)

A
  • maturation of oocytes in ovaries
  • stimulate sperm production and secretion of testosterone of testes
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29
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by which anterior pituitary cell?

A

lactotrophs

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30
Q

What is the function of PRL (Prolactin)?

A

initiate milk production in mammary glands

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31
Q

Which hormones do corticotrophs secrete? (2)

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)

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32
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete corticoids

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33
Q

What is the hormone that influences other endocrine glands?

A

tropic hormone

34
Q

What does Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) stimulat?

A

synthesis of melanin and distribution of melanocytes

35
Q

What are the 2 regions of the posterior pituitary called?

A
  • pars nervosa
  • infundibular stalk
36
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

the neural connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

37
Q

What is the function of Oxytocin (OT)?

A

stimulate uterine contraction and milk ejection from mammary glands

38
Q

Which hormone increases blood pressure via water reabsorption in kidneys and vasocontraction?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

39
Q

Largest Gland in endocrine system

A

Thyroid Gland

40
Q

The thyroid follicle is composed of which cells?

A

simple cuboid ells

41
Q

What do thyroid follicles produce?

A

thyroglobulin (TGB)

42
Q

Where are parafollicular cells loctated?

A

between thyroid follicles

43
Q

What do parafollicular cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

44
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

regulate serum calcium

45
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

posterior surface on posterior surface of thyroid galnd

46
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in parathyroid glands are called what?

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

47
Q

What hormone do chief cells secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

48
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

increase blood calcium levels through bone reabsorption

49
Q

Adrenal glands are also called what?

A

suprarenal glands

50
Q

The 2 functional parts of the adrenal gland are named what?

A

outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla

51
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of the adrenal cortex called?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
52
Q

which layer of the adrenal cortex is the most superficial?

A

zona glomerulosa

53
Q

which layer of the adrenal cortex is the most deep?

A

zona reticularis

54
Q

This layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing what?

A

mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone)

55
Q

Aldosterone determines how the kidney deals with what?

A

sodium and potassium

56
Q

Glucocorticoids are produced what which layer of the adrenal gland?

A

zona fasciculata

57
Q

cortisol and corticosterone are the main glucocorticoids, which is their function?

A

help body deal with physiological distress

58
Q

What hormone is produced by the zona reticularis?

A

weak androgens (which are estrogen and testosterone related hormones)

59
Q

estrogen and testosterone related hormones have what function?

A

weak sex hormones, until puberty

60
Q

The inner core of the adrenal gland forms what?

A

adrenal medulla

61
Q

The adrenal medulla consist of what cells?

A

chromaffin cells

62
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

63
Q

The pancreas is both what?

A

a exocrine gland and endocrine gland

64
Q

98 - 99% of the pancreatic cells as what?

A

pancreatic acini

65
Q

What do pancreatic acini produce?

A

alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts

66
Q

1 - 2% of pancreatic cells are small clusters of endocrine cells called what?

A

pancreas islets

67
Q

What is the function of islet cell hormones?

A

regulate level of blood glucose

68
Q

The pancreas islet (Islet of Langerhans) is composed of 4 different types of endocrine cells, what are they?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta cells
  • F cells
69
Q

Alpha cells secrete what hormone?

A

glucagon

70
Q

Beta cells secrete what hormone?

A

insulin

71
Q

Delta cells secrete what hormone?

A

somatostatin

72
Q

F cells secrete what hormone?

A

pancreatic polypeptides

73
Q

The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by what?

A

low blood glucose

74
Q

The secretion of insulin is stimulated by what?

A

high blood glucose

75
Q

High nutrient load stimulates the secretion of what hormone?

A

somatostatin

76
Q

The secretion of pancreatic polypeptides are stimulated by what?

A

protein digestion

77
Q

What is the pineal gland primarily composed of?

A

pinealocytes

78
Q

pinealocytes secrete what?

A

melatonin

79
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A

maintaining 24-hour circadian cycle

80
Q

Which hormones do the Thymus produce?

A

thymopoietin and thymosin

81
Q

What is the function of the thymus in association with the lymphatic system?

A

Anatomy (15 decks)

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