Senses (Ch 22&23) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptor

A

detects info about changes in internal and external environment

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2
Q

5 types of sensory receptors

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. photoreceptors
  4. thermoreceptors
    5.electroreceptors
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3
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

transduce mechanical energy
ex: hearing and touch

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4
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemical compounds
Ex: taste and smell

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5
Q

photoreceptors

A

transduce light energy
Use pigments to absorb light energy
Ex: sight

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6
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

recognize hot and cold
Ex: pit organ in snakes: it can sense hot and cold, thus snake can sense its warm blooded prey

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7
Q

Electroreceptors

A

detect electrical fields
ex: shark has this around the head. It detects fish heartbeat (Ampullae of Lorenzini)

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8
Q

Sclera

A

curved, tough, forms outer coat of eyeball
supporting wall of eyeball
white , outer surface of eye
Gives eyes its shape

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9
Q

Choroid

A

layer outside retina
-Sheet of cells filled w/ black pigment that absorb light
-Prevent light from being reflected back into photoreceptors in retina

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10
Q

cornea

A

Lines inner surface of back of eye
=Consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to properties of light + brain
= has transduction process

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11
Q

transduction

A

When light reaches back of eye, it stimulates a layer of specialized receptors that convert light into a message that the brain can interpret

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12
Q

Iris

A

Round muscle that adjusts the size of pupil
Gives eyes their characteristic colour

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13
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers front portion of the eye
Helps to eye’s ability to focus

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates amount of light that enters by changing its size (size regulated by iris)

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15
Q

what happens to pupil when it dilate and constrict

A

expand, shrink

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16
Q

lens

A

Clear structure that focuses light onto the back of eye by accomodation

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17
Q

accomodation

A

change shape to make image stay focused (having the light that hits retina stay focus)

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18
Q

Macula

A

area in back of eye, center of retina
Region of sharpest vision b/c it has greatest receptor cells density
Where cones is most concentrated

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19
Q

optic nerve

A

transmits image to the brain via complex signals
Where signals from rods and cones travel

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20
Q

Blind spot

A

area with no photoreceptors (cons and rods)

21
Q

Focusing on distant objects

A

ciliary muscles relaxes and lens flatten

22
Q

Focusing on close objects

A

ciliary muscles contracts and lens rounder

23
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

operate eye balls

24
Q

3 layers of tunic

A

Outside (fibrous) : strong
Middle (vascular)
Inner (neuronal)

25
Q

myopia (nearsighted)

A

image fall short of retina
Long eyeball, bulgy lens
Solve: wear convex/ diverging glasses

26
Q

Farsightedness (or hyperopia)

A

image to be focused behind the retina
Short eyeball, flat lens
Solve: wear concave/ converging glasses

27
Q

Detached Retina happens when

A

separation of pigmented layer + photoreceptor layers of retina (no access to blood vessels)

28
Q

Glaucoma

A

pressure within eye caused by buildup of aqueous humor
=Causes retina damage
=Vision loss

29
Q

location of chemoreceptors (smell)

A

olfactory epithelium

30
Q

Pheromones

A

small volatile molecules secreted into environment (animals uses this to communicate)

31
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Specialized chemoreceptor cells that detect pheromones in mammals

32
Q

inability to smell

A

anosmia

33
Q

location of chemoreceptors (taste)

A

tongue taste buds

34
Q

5 basic tastes

A

Sweet & sour
Salty & bitter
Umami (salts of glutamic acid,

35
Q

inability to taste

A

Aguesia (disorder)

36
Q

diminished ability to tase

A

Hypogeusia

37
Q

where is mechanoreceptors located (touch)

A

skin

38
Q

where is sense of touch located in animals

A

base of hair

39
Q

sensitive to light touch

A

Meisseners corpuscles

40
Q

describe outer ear function

A

Gathers sound + directs it to eardrum

41
Q

middle ear function

A

Transforms sound energy for inner ear

42
Q

3 bones of middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

43
Q

location and what does inner ear include

A

Location of auditory receptors
Includes semicircular canals + cochlea

44
Q

Cochlea

A

contains fluid and lined with hairs
Thus, fluid stimulates hair cells to move

45
Q

sound waves are caused by

A

vibrations to ear drum

46
Q

what does vibrations create

A

pressure waves in fluid in cochlea (hair cells bend)

47
Q

message travels via?

A

auditory nerve to brain

48
Q

ear structure function

A

maintains balance + equilibrium

49
Q

utricle + succulent + semicircular canals function

A

tell brain which way is up and inform position & acceleration of body