Reproductive + Urinary System (Ch 21) Flashcards
what is asexual reproduction
one organism; budding
=one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis
what is sexual reproduction
2 organisms are; fertilization & zygote
3 types of invertebrates asexual reproduction
- binary fission
- budding
- fragmentation
budding meaning
new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
binary fission meaning
separation of a parent into 2 or more of same size
fragmentation meaning
breaking organisms body in several pieces
why is sexual more favorable than asexual reproduction
asexual is:
Don’t provide genetic variability
Not energy efficient
Few organism result
sexual reproduction meaning
2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes from parents
2 types of sexual reproduction
- external fertilization
2.internal fertilization
what is internal fertilization and example
Sperm deposited in / near female reproductive tract + fertilization occurs within tract
Ex: humans and animals
how does necturus (salamander) produce fertilization
Female pick up sperm w/ cioca and squeezes it into her reproductive organ
what does external fertilization do
Eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm outside body of female (male releases sperm)
pathway of egg
Ovary
Oviduct
Cervix (uterus)
Vagina
Vaginal opening
what is endometriosis and how does it occur
one of the most common gynecological conditions
=Occurs when tissue (endometrium) lining inside uterus grows outside uterus
where does endometriosis occur
Often in pelvic and abdominal area
other terms for endometriosis
areas May be called implants, lesions, nodules
Nodules occur: (4)
On or under ovaries
Behind uterus
On tissues that hold uterus in lace
On bowels/ bladder
causes of endometriosis
inherited
Results from genetic mutations
High estrogen
Environment agents influence (chemical exposure)
endometriosis symptoms
painful period - severe cramping
Painful intercourse
Fatigue / exhaustion
Other abdominal pain - lower back pain
Heavy/ irregular bleeding
how to test for endometriosis
ultrasounds
MRI
Laparoscopy - surgery that views nodules or obtain biopsy
pathway of sperm
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Sperm duct
Urethra
Urogenital opening
what is testis
paired testes produce sperm
where does testis hang
below scrotum for sperm production
sperm are produced by __ in __
meiosis, seminiferous tubules
where is sperm collected
epididymis that lead to vas deferens
epididymis stores what
sperm cells
3 sets of male accessory glands
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland (root of penis)
function of seminal vesicle
Secretes fructose rich fluid
Nourishment for sperm cells
Prostate gland function
Secretes alkaline fluid rich in prostaglandins
Neutralize acidic environment of vagina
Bulbourethral gland (root of penis) produce:
Produce mucus for movement
where does fluid portion of semen drain into
drain into spermatic duct or base or urethra
prostate cancer
cancer cells form in prostate tissues
Prostate cancer
Symptoms
needy to urinate
Painful urination
Difficult having erection
Painful ejaculation
Blood in semen and urine
risk factors of prostate cancer
Age =over 55 (avert 70)
Family history = higher risk if diagnosed before 60
Urinary (excretory system) function
excretion (gets rid of metabolic wastes)
Produces proteins and nucleic acids
what type of waste does urinary get rid of
nitrogenous wastes
what nitrogenous waste does aquatic animals get rid of
ammonia
what nitrogenous waste does mammals, humans get rid of
urea
what type of nitrogenous waste do birds, reptiles, insects get rid of
uric acid
Pathway of urine:
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary opening (female)
Urogenital opening (male)
2 distinct region of mammalian kidney
Outer (cortex)
Inner (medulla)
Nephron function
functional unit of kidney
Consists of single long tubule + glomerulus (ball of capillaries)
renal vein oxygenated blood or deoxygenated
oxygenated(towards kdiney)
how does excretory systems produce urine
refining a filtrate derived from bodily fluids
4 types of filtration from body fluids
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
filtration
Excretory tubule collects a filtrate from blood
Water & solutes are forced by blood pressure into tubule
Reabsorption
Valuable substances are reclaimed from the filtrate and returned to body fluids
Secretion
Other substances (toxins) are extracted from body fluids and added to contents of tubule
Excretion
Filtrate leaves body
glomerulus filters __
small solutes from blood
ascending loop of henle reabsorbs _
Na+ and Cl- from filtrate into interstitial fluid
proximal convoluted tubule function
water, ions, nutrients and remove toxins and adjust filtrate pH
distal tubule function
secretes and absorbs diff ions
collective duct reabsorbs _
solutes and water from filtrate
descending loop of henle allows __
water to pass from filtrate into interstitial
kidney pathway
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubules
- descending loop of Henle
- ascending loop of Henle
- Distal tubule
- collecting duct
advantage of sexual reproduction
genetic variation; survival
