Circulatory + Respiratory System (Ch 19 & 20) Flashcards
invertebrates (molluscs + arthoropods) have what kind of circulatory system
open circulatory system
describe process of open circulatory system
=Blood is pumped out of open-ended vessels to bathe organs
=Nutrients diffuse out of blood into body cells
=Pores allow blood to be drawn back into heart @ relaxed state
how does crayfish use open circulatory system
heart pumps blood out of opening of circulatory vessels bathe all of its cells
animals and humans have what kind of circulatory system
closed circulatory system
how does closed circulatory system work
Heart pumps blood through closed system of blood vessels
2 types of closed circulatory system and exampples
single = fish
double = humans
how many chambers does heart have
4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
size of heart
fist
what does red and blue represent in heart
red = oxygenated (high oxygen, low CO2) and blue is vice versa
2 circuits that blood gets pumped
- Pulmonary = carries blood b/w hearts + lungs
- Systemic = carries blood b/w heart + rest of the organs and tissues
is heart single or double pump and why
double
This is to create pressure needed to get O2 + nutrients to all body cells
Take up wastes for elimination
2 major parts of human circulatory system
heart + blood cells (arteries + veins)
does arteries carry blood away or towards heart
away
is left side pump oxygenated or deoxygenated
oxygenated
blood leaves heart from _ and returns via _
ventricles, atria
Pulmonary arteries
function
Only arteries that transport deoxygenated blood / blood flow in oxygen from heart into lungs
pulmonary veins function
Only veins that transport oxygenated blood from lungs into heart
location of heart
under breastbone or sternum
valve function
ensures that blood only goes one direction
2 types of valve
tricuspid and bicuspid
Tricuspid valve location
(right atrioventricular valve) = valve b/w right atrium + ventricle
Bicuspid valve location
(left atrioventricular valve, mitral valve)
why is pulmonary veins thin
blood only goes to lungs (short loop)
pulmonary trunk function
carry blood into lungs
Chordae tendineae function
cords of tissues that holds valve in place
what happens to valve returning form tissues fills atria
blood pressure on these valves forces them to open into ventricles (which then fills blood)
Ventricles contracts
Blood pressures forces valves to close
ensure u know the 7 steps of pulmonary circuit
refer to google doc notes
2 main veins that carry deoxygenated back to heart:
1) Superior / anterior vena cava (carries blood from upper body)
2)Inferior / posterior vena cava (brings blood from lower body)
where does vena cava drain
Both drain into RA which pumps to RV and 2 circuits repeated
aorta function
delivers blood to rest of body tissues via arteries
function of capillary beds
where gas exchange b/w CO2 and O2 happen
Capillaries are only made of one layer, what is this layer?
thin wall of endothelial cells
3 layers of blood vessels
Tunica Intima
Media
Adventitia
Tunica Intima layer
=Innermost layer surrounds central space of vessel through which blood flows (lumen)
=Made of single layer of endothelium =
=provides smooth lining that allows blood flow easily
Media layer
=Middle layer made up of layers of smooth muscle cells + elastic fibres
=Muscle cells can relax + contract
=Makes lumen bigger / smaller
=Elastin = allows blood vessel to stretch + recoil
Adventitia layer
=Outer layer made of connective tissues w/ fibres
=Layer protects blood vessel, attaches it to surrounding structures
=Allows vessel to stretch + recoil
blood is a type of what tissue
connective b/c it has cells
blood consists of cells and what liquid
plasma
3 types of blood
- RBC (erythrocytes_
- WBC (leukocytes)
- platelets
what causes anemia
low amnt of RBC or hemoglobin
WBC function
fight infections
platelets function
blood clotting
2 main types of arteries
Elastic arteries
muscular arteries
Elastic arteries function (4)
=Include aorta + branches
=Close to heart so experiences greatest pressure as heart contracts
=Contracts = elastic tissue of arteries allows them to expand
=Relaxes: recoils
Muscular arteries
function
Has mostly smooth muscle in middle layer
Deliver blood to organs of body
where does blood pressure drop rapidly
arterioles
term for when arteries branch into smaller blood vessels
arterioles
what is Smallest + thinnest vessels
Arranged in capillary beds
capillaries
capillaries link what
Link arterioles + venules
what is capillaries made of
thin layer of endothelium
Allows exchange of materials b/w blood and cells
what Carry blood to veins
venules
what returns blood to heart
veins
what is veins made of
joined venules
do veins experience high or low blood pressure
low
valves purpose
Prevent backflow
what happens if valves is damaged
blood ends up pulling in stretched veins
When LV contracts:
Surges pressure in arteries + forces their elastic walls to stretch
When LV relax:
Arteries recoil + push blood onward
blood pressure is measured in 2 numbers, what are they
Diastolic
Systolic
Systolic
Force on artery walls when heart is contracting (systole)
Diastolic
Force when heart is relaxing (diastole)
typical blood pressure is
120/80
Hypertension
high blood pressure high readings (heart attack or stroke)
blood functions (3)
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
where does nutrients and oxygen get transported
enters blood stream + distributed to cells
why does blood need to be regulated
homeostasis
where does Metabolic wastes + CO2 get transported
blood to kidneys (wastes) and lungs (CO2) for elimination
where does hormones get transported
by blood to their target organs or tissues
other term for RBC
erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis meaning
process of erythrocytes continually being produced in bone marrow
function and shape of RBC
Small biconcave cells
Shape: greate SA for gas exchange
Transport O2
Contain hemoglobin: increases amount of O2 that blood can carry
other term for WBC
leukocytes
identification of WBC
shape, size of nucleus, presence / absence of granules in cytoplasm
where does wbc get produced
stem cells of bone marrow
Wright’s stain
dye that gives structures a colour in each type of cell
Leukemia
dividing WBC uncontrollably
2 groups of WBC
Granulocytes (Have small cytoplasmic granules )
Agranulocytes group (Lack granules)
what are the 5 types of WBC under the two groups
Granulocytes group (neutrophils. Eosinophils, basophils)
Agranulocytes group (monocytes + lymphocytes)
2 common types of leukocytes
Neutrophils + monocytes
Neutrophils + monocytes function
Destroy microbes
Engulf invader but also destroy WBC itself
Lymphocytes function (leukocytes)
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
Preserve memory of pathogen for future invasion
other term for platelets
thorombocytes
where does platelets form
blood marrow
prothrombin function
plasma protein to transform into thrombin (act as enzyme) which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads
Fibrin threads form a mesh to trap RBC
blood clot purpose
Maintains homeostasis
Preventing blood loss
what does plasma carry
nutrients (glucose, fatty acid, vitamins), salts, wastes
3 groups of plasma
- albumin
- globin
3.fibrogens
Albumin
- work w/ salts to create osmotic pressure that draws water back into capillaries for homeostasis
Globin
- produce antibodies for immune response
Fibrinogens
essential for blood clotting
3 respiratory system function
breathing
Transport of gasses by circulatory system
Exchange of gasses w/ body cells
pathway of air in respiratory
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
what is cause of stroke
rupture or blockage of arteries in head
smoking, poor diet, high blood pressure
how does heart attack occur
blockage of coronary arteries (no blood supply)
what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)
caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)
what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)
caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)
what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)
caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)
what is varicose veins caused by
mechanical stress, aging, genetic
how does direction of blood flow change in varicose vein
blood flow in both direction
superior vena cava: blood goes from __ to __
upper body, RA
INFERIOR vena cava: blood goes from _ to _
lower body,RA
pulmonary trunk: blood goes from _ to _
RV, lungs
Aorta: blood goes from _ to _
LV, upper and lower body (oxygenated)
pulmonary veins: blood goes from _ to _
lungs, LA (oxygenated)
5 steps of blood flow
- RV -> LUNGS
- LUNGS: gas exchange (loads O2 and unload CO2)
- O2 from lung -> heart (LA) -> Aorta (by LV)
- Aorta pumps blood to body tissues
- Superior + Vena cava (blood returns to heart) and empty to -> RA
respiratory = where does gas exchange happen
occurs across respiratory surfaces (alveoli to pulmonary capillaries) via diffusion @ alveoli
Lungs function
Organ that allow gas exchange b/w air + blood
hyaline cartilage function
keep trachea open where O2 and CO2 go through
Trachea structure and function
Single large tube
Supported by rings of cartilage
carry air in and out of lungs
Bronchioles 2 types
Terminal
Respiratory
what does respiratory bronchioles do
Deliver air into alveoli (clusters of tiny sacs)
what is alveoli covered by
epithelium
O2 goes from alveoli into _
capillaries
CO2 diffuses from blood then _ and into _ and leaves__
CO2 diffuses from blood, across capillaries, and into alveoli, then it leaves alveoli and exhaled as air
what does diaphragm separate
chest cavity from abdominal
what happens to diaphragm in inhalation
Diaphragm moves down
Muscles b/w ribs contract
high air pressure
what happens to exhalation diaphragm
Chest wall + diaphragm returning to normal (relaxed) position (moves up_
No muscle contraction
low air pressure
When CO2 dissolves in water, what is formed
carbonic acid
exercising: Presence of weak acid lowers pH of blood
this causes diaphragm to contract faster and increase air and increase gas exchange
3 parts of upper respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx
function of upper respiratory
warm, moisten, filter incoming air
Nose is covered by
mucus
why does nose bleed occur easily
Has significant blood supply (to warm incoming air)
why is larynx the voice box
b/c of location of vocal folds (cords)
what is larynx made of
cartilage
4 respiratory health problems
Pneumonia
Asthma
Bronchitis
Sinusitis
pneumonia
inflammation (swelling) of membranes lining sinuses + increase mucus production
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi + increase mucus and cough a lot
asthma
inflammation of bronchi + increased production of fluids; allergic reaction
pneumonia
inflammation of alveoli, fluid in alveolar sacs. Caused mainly by bacteria
