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Biology Finals > Digestive System (Ch 18) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Ch 18) Flashcards

1
Q

another term for digestive system

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

why is it called a canal

A

has lumen (space inside)

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3
Q

4 steps of food processing

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination / Egestion

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4
Q

what is ingestion

A

process of taking in food

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5
Q

what is digestion

A

process of breaking down food

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6
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

involves enzymes that are specific to certain molecules + break them into smaller pieces (enzymatic hydrolysis)

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8
Q

mechanical digestion

A

Physical grinding up of molecules into smaller pieces

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9
Q

amylase is responsible for ___ of __

A

hydrolysis of starch

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10
Q

lipase is responsible for __ of __

A

hydrolysis of lipids and fats

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of food from digestive to circulatory

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12
Q

how is absorption done and where

A

diffusion, small intestine

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13
Q

water absorption occurs in

A

large intestine

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14
Q

water absorption occurs in

A

large intestine

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15
Q

Elimination

A

final step of food processing

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16
Q

where does undigested material go

A

from the large intestine into the outside environment via anus

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17
Q

the __ causes the tube like appearance

A

alimentary canal

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18
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

sublingual, parotid, submandibular (submaxillary)

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19
Q

mechanical digestion in the mouth occurs in form

A

chewing

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20
Q

3 steps food takes

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus

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21
Q

where does chemical digestion also occur

A

mouth

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22
Q

what does salivary gland produce

A

saliva

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23
Q

how does saliva enter mouth

A

through ducts

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24
Q

what does Salivary amylase
break down

A

Breaks down starch into a compound called maltose

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25
what is starch broken down by
salivary amylase to form maltose
26
what is maltose composed of
2 glucose molecules (disaccharide)
27
Pharynx
chamber common to both respiratory + digestive systems
28
Epiglottis
small piece of cartilage that prevents food from passing into trachea
29
what happens to larynx when swallowing
the larynx is first pulled upward, causing epiglottis to cover the entrance to the respiratory
30
what is bolus
food in a ball form
31
muscular contractions in which food is moved down stomach
peristalsis
32
what is esophagus
muscular tube that passes food from mouth to stomach
33
Cardiac orifice (opening)
entrance to stomach
34
mouth function
Moistens food w/ saliva from salivary glands begins breakdown of starch
35
does trachea open or close when breathing
open
36
function of stomach
1. Stores material 2. Produces digestive enzymes + gastric juice (HCL + Enzymes) 3. where protein digestion occur
37
HCL function
lowers stomach pH
38
low pH actives __
pepsinogen into pepsin
39
rugae (folds)
internal stomach
40
Pepsinogen
inactive form of pepsin + secreted by chief cells
41
pepsin
breaks peptide bonds of protein chains (to become a.a.) then moved to small intestine for absorption
42
Chyme
contents from stomach mixed w/ gastric juices
43
how does chyme move from stomach to SI
through pyloric sphincter
44
Pyloric sphincter
band of smooth muscle that regulates food passage from stomach into small intestine
45
summary of secretion of pepsin in stomach
1.Pepsinogen + HCL are secreted into stomach 2.HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin 3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen into pepsin to start a chain reaction
46
where is chemical digestion completes
SI
47
what happens in Duodenum
absorption takes place
48
what is and what happens in jejunum and Ileum
Organs that aid inc chemical digestion Secretions are drained into duodenum via specific ducts
49
where is villi and microvilli
duodenum
50
Absorption
process where nutrients are diffused into bloodstream through villi -> capillaries -> cell memb
51
project off the villi
microvilli
52
Villi
small, finger- like projections away from wall of s.i Supplied w/ capillaries (blood vessels)
53
3 accessory organs of stomach
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
54
liver function
1.Detoxification (alcohol) 2.Storage of glucose (in form of glycogen) 3. Produces bile 3. Break down big fat droplets into smaller pieces = emulsification
55
what is Pancreatic amylase (maltase) function
Breaks down disaccharide into monosaccharides (maltose into glucose) Responsible for starch digestion
56
what does pancreas secret
pancreatic lipase
57
what is pancreatic lipase
Enzyme responsible for breaking down fats into glycerol + fatty acids after emulsified
58
what does pancreas produce
Produce many digestive enzymes (Pancreatic trypsin + chymotrypsin) produce hormones (insulin and glucagon)
59
gallbladder function
Stores bile Bile from gallbladder released into small intestine Gallstones (cholecystitis)
60
what does parietal cells secrete
HCL
61
what does mucus cells secrete
mucus which protects cells lining
62
jejunum + Ileum function
Also responsible for absorption of nutrients Reabsorb some water back into body
63
where is cecum and appendix in
jejunum and ileum
64
Cecum
small sac in T shaped intersection where material movies from small intes to large
65
Appendix
edge of cecum that is a finger like projection
66
long intestine function
Storage + elimination of solid wastes Secretion of mucus (goblet cell) to allow passage of solids
67
large intestine is also decomposition of
organic material w/ help of bacteria (e coli) - Bacteria feed on waste + indigestible materials (cellulose)
68
what does large intestine produce
vitamins (k and biotin)
69
what does rectum do
stores and eliminate waste
70
3 parts of long intestine
Ascending (going up) Transverse (across) Descending (going down)
71
bile function
breaks down fats to smaller particles
72
what is enzymes
catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over
73
enzymes are exported from pancreas via
pancreatic duct into SI
74
tryptsin
digestion of proteins
75
2 ways of mechanical digestion
chewing and churning in stomach
76
3 ways of chemical digestion
1. saliva in mouth (salivary amylase) 2. acid and pepsin in stomach (HCL) 3.enzymes in SI (p. amylase, lipase, trypsin)
77
cardiac sphincter regulates
how much will get into stomach
78
5 pathways of food
1. mouth - salivary glands 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. liver 6. pancreas 7.gallbladder 8. small and large instestive 9. anus

Biology Finals (15 decks)

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