Biotechnology (ch 16) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cloning

A

Process of using genetic material from one indiv to make a new indiv that is genetically identical

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2
Q

process of Dolly Sheep cloning (5 steps)

A
  1. DNA from egg of a Finn Dorset sheep was extracted
  2. nucleus of Scottish Blackface is removed through electric shock
  3. as cell divide to form early embryo, Finn Dorset DNA is replicated
  4. Embryo planted into third sheep
  5. Developed: Dolly sheep was born identically to Finn Dorset
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3
Q

2 types of stem cell research

A
  1. Embryonic Stem Cells
  2. Adult Stem CELLS
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4
Q

what is Embryonic Stem Cells

A

During early embryo development, as single cells divide, each new cell can develop into any type of cell (skin, nerve, liver)

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5
Q

cell that has ability to be any type of cell in body

A

Totipotent cell or Embryonic Stem Cells

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6
Q

what is Blastocyst or Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells formed as cells divide

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7
Q

adult stem cells are from what

A

bone marrow (made of fat tissue and blood cells)

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8
Q

purpose of stem cell research

A

supply cells for repair of damages/ diseases organs due to accidents or degenerative diseases

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9
Q

how does degenerative disease start

A

starts w/ slow breakdown of an organ and progresses into organ failure

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10
Q

examples of degenerative disease

A

diabetes, liver, lung disease. Heart disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers, Parkinsons

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11
Q

summary of animal cloning process

A
  1. DNA from egg of one sheep is extracted and combined with cell of other sheep with shock
  2. replication process: new copies of Finn Dorset DNA are produced until it produces an embryo
    3.embryo is implanted into uterus of another sheep and develops maturity
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12
Q

what happens in DNA replication

A

parent DNA unwinds and 2 new daughter strands are built based on base pairing rules

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13
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

process by which protein is produced from DNA genetic code

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14
Q

what is transcription

A

synthesis of RNA from DNA (produces mRNA)

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15
Q

what is translation

A

actual synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under mRNA condition

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16
Q

where does transcription occur

A

inside nucleus

17
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

18
Q

what is mutation

A

changes in DNA which leads to abnormal protein

19
Q

what is mutagen

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

20
Q

what is cancer

A

Cells that uncontrollably grow
DO NOT respond to body’s control mechanisms + form tumors, lumps of overlapping cells

21
Q

cancer causing agents

A

carcinogenic (tobacco, asbestos)

22
Q

what is gene therapy

A

Altering an indiv. genes by replacing defective alleles with functional ones