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PSYC 100 > Sensation & Perception Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory branding

A

esciting ads on drab product ie Tide Detergent

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2
Q

Sensation

A

simple stimulation of the sense organs - body reacting to physical world

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3
Q

Perception

A

organization & identification - interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation ie light info to words - not reading directly - sensation → perception

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4
Q

Fechner sensation-stimulus mathematical relationship

A

1801-1887 “In order that the intensity of a sensation may increase in arithmetical progression - the stimulus must increase in geometrical progression.”

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5
Q

Vision sensory input

A

light reflected from surfaces - info about shape/colour/position

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6
Q

Audition

A

vibration cause Δ air pressure - move through space towards the ear

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7
Q

Touch

A

pressure of surface against the skin - shape/texture/temp

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8
Q

Taste and smell

A

molecules in air/saliva - what we do/dont want to eat

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9
Q

Structuralist approach to senses

A

Wundt & Titchener - introspection to measure perceptual experiences

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10
Q

Psychophysics + typical experiment

A

methods that measure strenght of stimulus + observerer’s sensitivity - ie yes/no response - then compared against measure

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11
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimal intensity to just barely detec stimulus in 50% of trials - states in question: sensing/not sensing - gradual change between them ie curve

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12
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

JND aka difference threshold - minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected - NOT fixed quantity - needs standard - ie bright standard - harder to detect change

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13
Q

Weber’s law + example

A

the JND of stimulus = a constant proportion despite variations in intensity - ie 1 oz → 2 oz noticeable vs 20oz → 21oz not

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14
Q

Absolute thresholds vision

A

vision - a candle flame at 50 kilometres on a clear night

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15
Q

Absolute threshold hearing

A

tick of a watch at 6 metres(20 feet) in a quiet room

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16
Q

Abs threshold taste

A

one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water

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17
Q

Abs threshold smell

A

1 drop of perfume in a 3 room apartment

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18
Q

Abs threshold touch

A

the wing of a bee falling on your cheek from 1 centimetre

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19
Q

Is signal detection gradual

A

YES - all or none change in brain unlikely - ABS thresh is only perceiving 50% of time

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20
Q

noise

A

other stimuli from environment that interfere with signal detection

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21
Q

signal detection theory

A

response to stimulus depends of Person sensitivity in presence of noise & on decision criterion - yes=hit - theory allows quantify a response when noise present

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22
Q

signal detection experiment outcomes

A

hits/ misses/ false alarm/ correct rejection

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23
Q

Signal detection theory proposes a way to measure this

A

perceptual sensitivity - cuz takes into account resposne tendencies ie liberal yesses

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24
Q

signal detection theory applications

A
  1. Tolbert 2006: - Signal detection theory and the diagnosis of learning disabilities 2. radiologist liberally diagnoses breast cancer
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25
Q

explain cons of multitasking

A

selective attention — only perceive what’s currently relevant — texting + driving is same effect as drink/drive — hands free doesn’t help

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26
Q

sensory adaptation def + example

A

sensitivity to prolonged stimulation declines over time as adapt to current condition is blinding light in morning then better

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27
Q

Sensory adaptation big idea

A

our sensory systems respond to changes in stim rather than constant stimulation

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28
Q

20/20 definition

A

vision of normal sharpness — associated with Snellen chart — owls have better @ 20/2

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29
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability to see fine detail

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30
Q

wavelengths

A

distance between the wave peaks — light waves vary in amp & wavelength

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31
Q

the 3 properties of light

A

1 length — determines hue 2 amplitude—determines brightness 3 purity—determines saturation

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32
Q

cornea

A

transparent — bends the light wave and sends it through the pupil

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33
Q

pupil

A

hole in the coloured part of the eye

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34
Q

iris

A

coloured—translucent— circular muscle — controls size of pupil= how much light can enter eye

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35
Q

lens

A

thickness adjusts to focus light on the retina — flatter far way rounder nearby

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36
Q

what is the retina/how does the image appear on it

A

light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball — image appears upside down and backwards

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37
Q

fovea

A

area of the retina where vision is clearest — no rods

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38
Q

retinal surface

A

has light sensitive receptor cells - excited or inhibited by spots of lights — go to optic nerve

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39
Q

optic nerve

A

bundled axons to the brain

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40
Q

blind spot

A

a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

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41
Q

accomodation

A

the process by which the eye maintains a clear image in the retina

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42
Q

presbyopia

A

lens cant change shape - lens hard - so image

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43
Q

myopia

A

when eyeball is too long- images in front of retina

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44
Q

hyperopia

A

eyeball is too short — farsightedness

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45
Q

Photoreceptors cells

A

light—sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses

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46
Q

Cones 6/7 million

A

detect colour - operate under normal daylight conditions - allow us to focus on fine detail - packed in fovea - so peripheral vision isn’t as clear

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47
Q

— Rods

A

120 million -active under lowlight for night vision - greys

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48
Q
  • layers of retina cells
A

1 photoreceptor cells innermost 2 transparent outer layer = bipolar cells - rod cone signals to to *retinal ganglion cells - send to brain - outermost (behind eyes)

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49
Q
  • duplex theory of vision
A

dark adaptation & increased sensitivity to light following period of darkness

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50
Q
  • receptive fields
A

area of retina that contains rods/cones which when stimulated affects firing of specific cells in visual cortex

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51
Q
  • centre/surround arrangement (eyes)
A

stimulation at centre increases cell firing whereas stimulation off-centre inhibits cell firing

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52
Q

— Sir Isaac Newton

A

pointed out colour is not something “in” light

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53
Q

— Visible spectrum

A

rainbow of hues and their accompanying wavelengths

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54
Q

— 3 types of cones

A

red long// green medium // blue short = the primary colours of light

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55
Q

— Lighting with primary colours

A

res green blue looks white in stage

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56
Q
  • Subtractive/ additive colour mixing
A

Subtractive Colour Mixing - removal of wavelengths of light //Additive Colour Mixing - addition of wavelengths of light

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57
Q
  • trichromatic theory
A

Young-Helmholtz -three different types of colour receptors in the retina each sensitive to a specific colour (viz.- red- green- blue)

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58
Q
  • Shortcomings of trichromatic theory
A

colours dont appear to be mixtures- colour contrast effects- colour after images

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59
Q
  • Opponent process theory
A

Herring- 1878 -colour perceived in three channels - 3 channels (red vs green// yellow vs blue// black vs white) - each channel members are antagonists aka dual process theory

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60
Q
  • three perception types
A

beer study - see pic

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61
Q

— Reading out cones

A

read out wavelength by working backwards from relative firing rates of the 3 cones

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62
Q

— Colour deficiency/colour blindness

A

cant distinguish full colour cuz missing one cone

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63
Q

— what causes Colour afterimage

A

staring at one image too long - fatigues that cone others take over

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64
Q

— Colour—opponent system

A

pairs of visual neurons work in opposition ie red against green & blue against yellow

65
Q
  • lateral geniticulate nucleus
A

optic nerve goes to here (@ thalamus) - in right/left brain

66
Q
  • lateral antagonism
A

occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells - Hermann Grid - see dots in periphery - fovea at center of the grid

67
Q
  • what does area V1 do?
A
  • edge encoding - ie bars- some neurons fire vertical- others when 45 perceived
68
Q
  • the 2 visual streams
A

ventral- dorsal - project from the occipatal cortex to visaul areas more forward in brain - ventral/dorsal functionally distinct as shown by agnosia tests

69
Q
  • where does the ventral stream go
A

from occipatal to teporal @ front

70
Q
  • where does the dorsal stream go/ what does the dorsal stream do
A

upwards to parietal lobe - perceive spatial relations this way

71
Q
  • visual form agnosia
A

inability to recognize objects by sight - memory of objects not affected

72
Q
  • example of visual agnosia
A

cannot recognizeobjects by sight but could guide objects normally

73
Q
  • feature detectors
A

neurons that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli – Hubel & Wiessel discover

74
Q
  • binding problem
A

tryna figure out how features are linked together so that we see unified objects rathan than free-floating/misconnected gook

75
Q
  • illusory conjunction
A

a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined - Treisman/Schmidt showed its not just guessing - you ight not see black letters at ends- might mix up coloured ones

76
Q
  • feature integration theory
A

focussed attention is not required to detect features of stimulus ie colour- required to bind them togeth though - full attention = better results

77
Q
  • parietal lobe damage
A

cant perform visual feature binding of feature integration theory

78
Q
  • modular view
A

specialized brain areas detect ie faces/body parts

79
Q

who came up with the geon theory

A

Biederman

80
Q
  • distributed presentation view
A

alternative to modular view - activity across brain for each object obbserved

81
Q
  • perceptual constancy
A

even as aspects of sensory signals change- percption remains consistent

82
Q
  • List Perceptual Grouping rules
A

simplicity/ closure/ continuity/ similarity/ proximity/ common fate

83
Q
  • grouping
A

seperating an object from its surroundings - figure & background

84
Q
  • edge assignment
A

which region does that edge belong to?

85
Q
  • Rubin
A

rubin vase - the face vase illusion - figure ground relationship - when seeing face face-selective region of temporal lobe activated

86
Q
  • image-based object recognition
A

object stored in template- mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image - ie need a template for cups/cups upside down

87
Q
  • parts - based object recognition
A

brain deconstructs object into geons

88
Q
  • monocular depth cues - accomodation
A

aspects of a scene that show depth info when viewed with only one eye

89
Q
  • list monocular depth cues
A

relative size/ familiar size/ linear perspective/ txture gradient/ interposition/ relative height in image

90
Q
  • binocular cues
A

ie retinal disparity looking straight on at book

91
Q
  • list Pictorial depth cues
A

interposition/ texture gradient/ linear perspective/ aerial haze/ shadow and light/ object familiarity and size

92
Q
  • illusions
A

errors of perception/ memory/ judgement - Mueller-Lyer - Ponzo - explanation: misapplied size constancy - Gregory 1963

93
Q
  • Ames room
A

trapezoidal but looks square from monocular viewing port - person in right appears larger

94
Q
  • how motion perception works
A

stimulates one location on retina - then another as it moves across - MT in dorsal stream perceives - brain subtracts head mvmts

95
Q
  • waterfall illusion
A

like color aftereffects - stare too long water looks like going up

96
Q
  • apparent motion
A

perception of mvmt as a result of alternating signals in rapid succession in different locations ie 24 fps film

97
Q
  • change blindness + door example
A

when people fail to detect visual changes in scene ie direction giver doesnt notic asker swapped with another guy behind door

98
Q
  • inattentional blindness + gorilla example + cells
A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention ie wont see gorilla when watching game/ cell phone distraction

99
Q
  • sound waves
A

changes in air pressure unfolding over time

100
Q
  • pure tone
A

ie from a tuning fork - increases air pressure and then creates a relative vacuum

101
Q
  • Frequency
A

wavelength - determines pitch

102
Q
  • Amplitude
A

loudness - a sound’s intensity

103
Q
  • Complexity
A

timbre - a listener’s experience of sound quality/resonance

104
Q
  • forms of transduction
A

light - electromagnetic radiation vs sound - physical change in qir pressure so we need different forms of transduction

105
Q
  • outer ear to inner ear
A

Pinna to oval window to cochlea (e)

106
Q
  • outer ear
A

collects sound waves and funnels to middle ear

107
Q
  • middle ear
A

ossicles - transmits vibrations to cochlea

108
Q
  • inner ear
A

cochlea (its rolled up) - basilar membrane transduced into neural impulses

109
Q
  • cochlea
A

a fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction

110
Q
  • basilar membrane
A

undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

111
Q
  • hair cells
A

specialized auditory receptor neurons in basilar membranes

112
Q
  • Area A1
A

a portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex - left hemi=language // right hemi = music

113
Q
  • place code (place theory e)
A

different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places on the basilar membrane

114
Q
  • Helmholtz 1863 – von Bekesy 1957
A

Bekesy observed cadaver basilar membrane with mic

115
Q
  • explain where on basilar membrane for high/low pitch
A

low= @ apex - floppy tip // high = @ base - narrow stiff end - axons fire better in hair cells of BM that move the most

116
Q
  • temporal code
A

registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve - supplements place code (Frequency Theory e) ie boom boom of bass

117
Q
  • Rutherford- 1886
A

volley theory - neurons respoond to sound by firing action potentials slightly out of place of one another

118
Q
  • Reconciliation of place/volley/frequency theories
A

20-1000 hz frequency/volley
theory // 1000-5000hz volley & place coding // over 5000hz place coding

119
Q
  • explain localized sound sources
A

right/left ear stereo & hearing something in one ear before the otehr can denote farther away - turning head to sound helps hear it

120
Q
  • conductive hearing loss
A

eardrum/ossicles damaged - can’t conduct sound to the cochlea - surgery corrects

121
Q
  • sensoineural hearing loss
A

from age - damge to cochlea/ hair cells/ auditory nerve

122
Q
  • cochlear implant
A
  • cochlear implant replaces hair cells so it helps sensoineural hearing loss
123
Q
  • somatosenses
A

body senses ie haptic perception - touching/grasping

124
Q
  • touch receptors
A

4 types for pressure/ texture/pattern/ thermoreceptors

125
Q
  • 3 principles neural rep. of body’s surface
A

1 left body in right brain 2 more of tactile brain devoted to areas of high touch resolution 3 what pathway upper parietal & where pathway lower parietal - fMRI evidence

126
Q
  • why do we feel pain
A

we would ignore infection// broken bone// serious burns

127
Q
  • tissue damage + receptors
A

transduced by pain receptors - A delta fibers initial pain // C fibers - longer dull pain

128
Q
  • the 2 pathways of pain
A

1 to somatosensory cortex 2 to hypothalamus/amygdala - emotional & motivation centers

129
Q
  • referred pain + heart attack example
A

sensory info from internal/external areas converges to same nerve cells in spinal cord ie left arm pain @ heart attack

130
Q
  • ethnic pain differences
A

one study said African Americans have lower pain tolerance

131
Q
  • gate control theory
A

signals from pain receptors get to spinal cord and can then be stopped (gated) by interneurons - feedback from two directions

132
Q
  • bottum/top
A

with pain also but here overall perception - bottom-up (ie feature integration theory (pop out) - Tresiman 1986) and top-down (ie misheard song lyrics e)

133
Q
  • explain Body Position/ Mvmt/ Balance
A

depend on stimulation produced within our bodies - muscles say position in space // balance from inner ear

134
Q
  • olfaction + gustation
A

olfaction smell - gustation taste - from inhaling / saliva = flavor

135
Q
  • explain smell
A

olfaction only sense connected to the forebrain - a sense for the familiar - odorant molecules

136
Q
  • ORNs
A

olfactory receptor neurons - 10 million located @ olfactory epithelium - dogs have 100x more - send action potentials into olfactory nerve

137
Q
  • olfactory bulb
A

brain structure above nasal cavity - beneath frontal lobes

138
Q
  • odor perception
A

350 ORNS in humans = 10K odorants

139
Q
  • object-centered approach
A

info about identity of odor object accessed from memory - triggers emotional response

140
Q
  • valence-centered approach
A

emotional response comes first - provids basis to identify odor

141
Q
  • sensory adaption in smell
A

smell fades so new smells can be accessed

142
Q
  • pheromones
A

biochemical odorants emitted by other members of same species - affect behaviour ie infant knows smell of mother’s breast ie gay men respond to female pheromes more strongly

143
Q
  • anterior insula
A

brain’s taste system

144
Q
  • why taste
A

to identify poisonous/lethal substances

145
Q
  • papillae + taste buds
A

papilla = bumps on tongue & each has hundreds of taste buds = organ of taste transduction

146
Q
  • how many buds in mouth?
A

5K-10K on mouth// tongue & upper throat

147
Q
  • taste perception + categories
A

perception fades with age - 5 categories - salty/ sweet/ bitter/sour/ umami (meat savory)

148
Q
  • inside taste bud
A

microvilli reactant with food tastant molecules ie sour receptor cells

149
Q
  • taste + smell
A

they collaborate

150
Q
  • tasters// non-tasters// supertasters
A

25% supertasters - they are fussy about greens/fats - nontasters develop later in life - supertasters thinner

151
Q
  • Hallucinations
A

Charles Bonnet Syndrome - primary visual cortex

152
Q
  • list Gestalt principles of holistic perception
A

proximity // similarity// closure//continuity//Pregnanz//common movement groups

153
Q
  • explain proximity
A
  • elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
154
Q
  • explain similarity
A
  • elements that are similar tend to be grouped together
155
Q
  • explain closure
A
  • tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
156
Q
  • explain continuity
A
  • tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
157
Q
  • explain Pregnanz
A

“good form” - tend to organize elements simplest way possible

158
Q

Nazi symbol dorms example of what gestalt priciple

A

Closure

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