Sensation & Perception Chapter 4 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Sensory branding
A
esciting ads on drab product ie Tide Detergent
2
Q
Sensation
A
simple stimulation of the sense organs - body reacting to physical world
3
Q
Perception
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organization & identification - interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation ie light info to words - not reading directly - sensation → perception
4
Q
Fechner sensation-stimulus mathematical relationship
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1801-1887 “In order that the intensity of a sensation may increase in arithmetical progression - the stimulus must increase in geometrical progression.”
5
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Vision sensory input
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light reflected from surfaces - info about shape/colour/position
6
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Audition
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vibration cause Δ air pressure - move through space towards the ear
7
Q
Touch
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pressure of surface against the skin - shape/texture/temp
8
Q
Taste and smell
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molecules in air/saliva - what we do/dont want to eat
9
Q
Structuralist approach to senses
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Wundt & Titchener - introspection to measure perceptual experiences
10
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Psychophysics + typical experiment
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methods that measure strenght of stimulus + observerer’s sensitivity - ie yes/no response - then compared against measure
11
Q
Absolute threshold
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the minimal intensity to just barely detec stimulus in 50% of trials - states in question: sensing/not sensing - gradual change between them ie curve
12
Q
Just noticeable difference
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JND aka difference threshold - minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected - NOT fixed quantity - needs standard - ie bright standard - harder to detect change
13
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Weber’s law + example
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the JND of stimulus = a constant proportion despite variations in intensity - ie 1 oz → 2 oz noticeable vs 20oz → 21oz not
14
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Absolute thresholds vision
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vision - a candle flame at 50 kilometres on a clear night
15
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Absolute threshold hearing
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tick of a watch at 6 metres(20 feet) in a quiet room
16
Q
Abs threshold taste
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one teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
17
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Abs threshold smell
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1 drop of perfume in a 3 room apartment
18
Q
Abs threshold touch
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the wing of a bee falling on your cheek from 1 centimetre
19
Q
Is signal detection gradual
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YES - all or none change in brain unlikely - ABS thresh is only perceiving 50% of time
20
Q
noise
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other stimuli from environment that interfere with signal detection
21
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signal detection theory
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response to stimulus depends of Person sensitivity in presence of noise & on decision criterion - yes=hit - theory allows quantify a response when noise present
22
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signal detection experiment outcomes
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hits/ misses/ false alarm/ correct rejection
23
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Signal detection theory proposes a way to measure this
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perceptual sensitivity - cuz takes into account resposne tendencies ie liberal yesses
24
Q
signal detection theory applications
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- Tolbert 2006: - Signal detection theory and the diagnosis of learning disabilities 2. radiologist liberally diagnoses breast cancer
25
explain cons of multitasking
*selective attention* — only perceive what's currently relevant — texting + driving is same effect as drink/drive — hands free doesn't help
26
sensory adaptation def + example
sensitivity to prolonged stimulation declines over time as adapt to current condition is blinding light in morning then better
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Sensory adaptation big idea
our sensory systems respond to *changes* in stim rather than constant stimulation
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20/20 definition
vision of normal sharpness — associated with Snellen chart — owls have better @ 20/2
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visual acuity
the ability to see fine detail
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wavelengths
distance between the wave peaks — light waves vary in amp & wavelength
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the 3 properties of light
1 length — determines hue 2 amplitude—determines brightness 3 purity—determines saturation
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cornea
transparent — bends the light wave and sends it through the pupil
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pupil
hole in the coloured part of the eye
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iris
coloured—translucent— circular muscle — controls size of pupil= how much light can enter eye
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lens
thickness adjusts to focus light on the retina — flatter far way rounder nearby
36
what is the retina/how does the image appear on it
light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball — image appears upside down and backwards
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fovea
area of the retina where vision is clearest — no rods
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retinal surface
has light sensitive receptor cells - excited or inhibited by spots of lights — go to optic nerve
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optic nerve
bundled axons to the brain
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blind spot
a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina
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accomodation
the process by which the eye maintains a clear image in the retina
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presbyopia
lens cant change shape - lens hard - so image
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myopia
when eyeball is too long- images in front of retina
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hyperopia
eyeball is too short — farsightedness
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Photoreceptors cells
light—sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses
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Cones 6/7 million
detect colour - operate under normal daylight conditions - allow us to focus on fine detail - packed in fovea - so peripheral vision isn't as clear
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— Rods
120 million -active under lowlight for night vision - greys
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- layers of retina cells
1 photoreceptor cells *innermost* 2 transparent outer layer = bipolar cells - rod cone signals to to \*retinal ganglion cells - send to brain - outermost (behind eyes)
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- duplex theory of vision
dark adaptation & increased sensitivity to light following period of darkness
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- receptive fields
area of retina that contains rods/cones which when stimulated affects firing of specific cells in visual cortex
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- centre/surround arrangement (eyes)
stimulation at centre increases cell firing whereas stimulation off-centre inhibits cell firing
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— Sir Isaac Newton
pointed out colour is not something “in” light
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— Visible spectrum
rainbow of hues and their accompanying wavelengths
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— 3 types of cones
red long// green medium // blue short = the primary colours of light
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— Lighting with primary colours
res green blue looks white in stage
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- Subtractive/ additive colour mixing
Subtractive Colour Mixing - removal of wavelengths of light //Additive Colour Mixing - addition of wavelengths of light
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- trichromatic theory
Young-Helmholtz -three different types of colour receptors in the retina each sensitive to a specific colour (viz.- red- green- blue)
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- Shortcomings of trichromatic theory
colours dont appear to be mixtures- colour contrast effects- colour after images
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- Opponent process theory
Herring- 1878 -colour perceived in three channels - 3 channels (red vs green// yellow vs blue// black vs white) - each channel members are antagonists aka dual process theory
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- three perception types
beer study - see pic
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— Reading out cones
read out wavelength by working backwards from relative firing rates of the 3 cones
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— Colour deficiency/colour blindness
cant distinguish full colour cuz missing one cone
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— what causes Colour afterimage
staring at one image too long - fatigues that cone others take over
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— Colour—opponent system
pairs of visual neurons work in opposition ie red against green & blue against yellow
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- lateral geniticulate nucleus
optic nerve goes to here (@ thalamus) - in right/left brain
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- lateral antagonism
occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells - Hermann Grid - see dots in periphery - fovea at center of the grid
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- what does area V1 do?
- edge encoding - ie bars- some neurons fire vertical- others when 45 perceived
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- the 2 visual streams
ventral- dorsal - project from the occipatal cortex to visaul areas more forward in brain - ventral/dorsal functionally distinct as shown by agnosia tests
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- where does the ventral stream go
from occipatal to teporal @ front
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- where does the dorsal stream go/ what does the dorsal stream do
upwards to parietal lobe - perceive spatial relations this way
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- visual form agnosia
inability to recognize objects by sight - memory of objects not affected
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- example of visual agnosia
*cannot recognize *objects by sight but could *guide* objects normally
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- feature detectors
neurons that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli – Hubel & Wiessel discover
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- binding problem
tryna figure out how features are linked together so that *we see unified objects* rathan than free-floating/misconnected gook
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- illusory conjunction
a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined - Treisman/Schmidt showed its not just guessing - you ight not see black letters at ends- might mix up coloured ones
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- feature integration theory
focussed attention is not required to detect features of stimulus ie colour- *required to bind them* togeth though - full attention = better results
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- parietal lobe damage
cant perform visual feature binding of feature integration theory
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- modular view
specialized brain areas detect ie faces/body parts
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who came up with the geon theory
Biederman
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- distributed presentation view
alternative to modular view - activity across brain for each object obbserved
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- perceptual constancy
even as aspects of sensory signals change- percption remains consistent
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- List Perceptual Grouping rules
simplicity/ closure/ continuity/ similarity/ proximity/ common fate
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- grouping
seperating an object from its surroundings - figure & background
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- edge assignment
which region does that edge belong to?
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- Rubin
rubin vase - the face vase illusion - figure ground relationship - when seeing face face-selective region of temporal lobe activated
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- image-based object recognition
object stored in template- mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image - ie need a template for cups/cups upside down
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- parts - based object recognition
brain deconstructs object into geons
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- monocular depth cues - accomodation
aspects of a scene that show depth info when viewed with only one eye
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- list monocular depth cues
relative size/ familiar size/ linear perspective/ txture gradient/ interposition/ relative height in image
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- binocular cues
ie retinal disparity looking straight on at book
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- list Pictorial depth cues
interposition/ texture gradient/ linear perspective/ aerial haze/ shadow and light/ object familiarity and size
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- illusions
errors of perception/ memory/ judgement - Mueller-Lyer - Ponzo - explanation: misapplied size constancy - Gregory 1963
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- Ames room
trapezoidal but looks square from monocular viewing port - person in right appears larger
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- how motion perception works
stimulates one location on retina - then another as it moves across - MT in dorsal stream perceives - brain subtracts head mvmts
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- waterfall illusion
like color aftereffects - stare too long water looks like going up
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- apparent motion
perception of mvmt as a result of alternating signals in rapid succession in different locations ie 24 fps film
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- change blindness + door example
when people fail to detect visual changes in scene ie direction giver doesnt notic asker swapped with another guy behind door
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- inattentional blindness + gorilla example + cells
failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention ie wont see gorilla when watching game/ cell phone distraction
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- sound waves
changes in air pressure unfolding over time
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- pure tone
ie from a tuning fork - increases air pressure and then *creates a relative vacuum*
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- Frequency
wavelength - determines pitch
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- Amplitude
loudness - a sound’s intensity
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- Complexity
timbre - a listener’s experience of sound quality/resonance
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- forms of transduction
light - electromagnetic radiation vs sound - physical change in qir pressure so we need different forms of transduction
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- outer ear to inner ear
Pinna to oval window to cochlea (e)
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- outer ear
collects sound waves and funnels to middle ear
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- middle ear
ossicles - transmits vibrations to cochlea
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- inner ear
cochlea (its rolled up) - basilar membrane transduced into neural impulses
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- cochlea
a fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction
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- basilar membrane
undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
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- hair cells
specialized auditory receptor neurons in basilar membranes
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- Area A1
a portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex - left hemi=language // right hemi = music
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- place code (place theory e)
different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places on the basilar membrane
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- Helmholtz 1863 – von Bekesy 1957
Bekesy observed cadaver basilar membrane with mic
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- explain where on basilar membrane for high/low pitch
low= @ apex - floppy tip // high = @ base - narrow stiff end - axons fire better in hair cells of BM that move the most
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- temporal code
registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve - supplements place code (Frequency Theory e) ie boom boom of bass
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- Rutherford- 1886
volley theory - neurons respoond to sound by firing action potentials slightly out of place of one another
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- Reconciliation of place/volley/frequency theories
20-1000 hz frequency/volley
theory // 1000-5000hz volley & place coding // over 5000hz place coding
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- explain localized sound sources
right/left ear stereo & hearing something in one ear before the otehr can denote farther away - turning head to sound helps hear it
120
- conductive hearing loss
eardrum/ossicles damaged - can’t conduct sound to the cochlea - surgery corrects
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- sensoineural hearing loss
from age - damge to cochlea/ hair cells/ auditory nerve
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- cochlear implant
- cochlear implant replaces hair cells so it helps sensoineural hearing loss
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- somatosenses
body senses ie haptic perception - touching/grasping
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- touch receptors
4 types for pressure/ texture/pattern/ thermoreceptors
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- 3 principles neural rep. of body’s surface
1 left body in right brain 2 more of tactile brain devoted to areas of high touch resolution 3 what pathway upper parietal & where pathway lower parietal - fMRI evidence
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- why do we feel pain
we would ignore infection// broken bone// serious burns
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- tissue damage + receptors
transduced by pain receptors - A delta fibers initial pain // C fibers - longer dull pain
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- the 2 pathways of pain
1 to somatosensory cortex 2 to hypothalamus/amygdala - emotional & motivation centers
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- referred pain + heart attack example
sensory info from internal/external areas converges to same nerve cells in spinal cord ie left arm pain @ heart attack
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- ethnic pain differences
one study said African Americans have lower pain tolerance
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- gate control theory
signals from pain receptors get to spinal cord and can then be stopped (gated) by interneurons - feedback from two directions
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- bottum/top
with pain also but here overall perception - bottom-up (ie feature integration theory (pop out) - Tresiman 1986) and top-down (ie misheard song lyrics e)
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- explain Body Position/ Mvmt/ Balance
depend on stimulation produced within our bodies - muscles say position in space // balance from inner ear
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- olfaction + gustation
olfaction smell - gustation taste - from inhaling / saliva = flavor
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- explain smell
olfaction only sense connected to the forebrain - a sense for the familiar - odorant molecules
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- ORNs
olfactory receptor neurons - 10 million located @ olfactory epithelium - dogs have 100x more - send action potentials into olfactory nerve
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- olfactory bulb
brain structure above nasal cavity - beneath frontal lobes
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- odor perception
350 ORNS in humans = 10K odorants
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- object-centered approach
info about identity of odor object accessed from memory - triggers emotional response
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- valence-centered approach
emotional response comes first - provids basis to identify odor
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- sensory adaption in smell
smell fades so new smells can be accessed
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- pheromones
biochemical odorants emitted by other members of same species - affect behaviour ie infant knows smell of mother’s breast ie gay men respond to female pheromes more strongly
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- anterior insula
brain’s taste system
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- why taste
to identify poisonous/lethal substances
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- papillae + taste buds
papilla = bumps on tongue & each has hundreds of taste buds = organ of taste transduction
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- how many buds in mouth?
5K-10K on mouth// tongue & upper throat
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- taste perception + categories
perception fades with age - 5 categories - salty/ sweet/ bitter/sour/ umami (meat savory)
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- inside taste bud
microvilli reactant with food tastant molecules ie sour receptor cells
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- taste + smell
they collaborate
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- tasters// non-tasters// supertasters
25% supertasters - they are fussy about greens/fats - nontasters develop later in life - supertasters thinner
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- Hallucinations
Charles Bonnet Syndrome - primary visual cortex
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- list Gestalt principles of holistic perception
proximity // similarity// closure//continuity//Pregnanz//common movement groups
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- explain proximity
- elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
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- explain similarity
- elements that are similar tend to be grouped together
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- explain closure
- tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
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- explain continuity
- tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a figure
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- explain Pregnanz
“good form” - tend to organize elements simplest way possible
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Nazi symbol dorms example of what gestalt priciple
Closure
