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PSYC 100 > History Chapter 1 > Flashcards

History Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe root of word PSYCHOLOGY

A

– Greek -psyche (or soul) - and logos (the study)

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2
Q

Define psychology

A

Psychology is the scientific study of and the mind and behaviour

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3
Q

Define mind

A

The mind is the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

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4
Q

Defined behavior

A

Behavior is observable actions of human beings and non-human animals

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5
Q

Why is studying human Errors/Mistakes helpful in the psychology??

A

broken’ parts show how the whole working machine works

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6
Q

Define nativism

A

Nativism is a philosophy that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn

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7
Q

Defined philosophical empiricism

A

Philosophical empiricism that is the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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8
Q

Define phrenology

A

Phrenology is the idea that mental processes/abilities are localized in specific regions of the brain DEFUNCT

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9
Q

Define physiology

A

Physiology is the study of BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES especially in humans

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10
Q

This was the Aristotle view of the child’s mind

A

Tabula rasa (or blank slate)

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11
Q

René Descartes argued this:

A

Descartes: the body/mind are fundamentally different and separate

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12
Q

Thomas Hobbes said this about the mind:

A

Thomas Hobbes: the mind and body aren’t different “Mind is what the brain does”

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13
Q

Franz Joseph Gall this view on the mind: ___ with a theory called ____

A

Gall said - the brains and mind are linked - bigger brain = big mental capacity - he developed the theory of phrenology

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14
Q

Pierre Flourens made this contribution:

A

To improve on Gall’s go method - he surgically removed parts of animal brains - his conclusion: action of a partial brain differs from an intact brain

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15
Q

Paul Broca linked the brain/ mind with this area:

A

It’s called Broca’s area - patient Monsieur Leborgne - could only say tan - but he could still communicate and understand with gestures - only his SPEECH was affected

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16
Q

define stimulus

A

Sensory input from the environment

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17
Q

Define reaction time

A

Reaction time is the time it takes to respond to stimuli

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18
Q

Defined consciousness

A

Consciousness is the person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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19
Q

Define structuralism

A

Structuralism is an analysis of the basic elements of the mine

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20
Q

Define introspection

A

Introspection is the subjective observation of one’s own experience

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21
Q

Herman von Helmholtz conclude this from his studies

A

Helmholtz applied stimuli to patient - he recorded their reaction time - the Toe time> thigh time therefore signals where TRAVELLING to the brain

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22
Q

Wilhelm Wundt had this approach to psychology

A

Wundt said Scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness - so he adopted structuralism

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23
Q

Wundt was based here:

A

Leipzig

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24
Q

Edward Titchener took Wundt’s approach here:

A

To America

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25
Q

Wilhelm Wundt emphasize this:

A

Wudnt emphasized the Relationship between Elements of conscious

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26
Q

Edward Titchener emphasized this as opposed to Wundt:

A

Edward Titchener emphasized IDENTIFYING the basic ELEMENTS of consciousness

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27
Q

Define functionalism

A

Functionalism is the study of the purpose mental processes serve to help people adapt to their environment

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28
Q

William James brought this approach to psychology after his European tour:

A

Functionalism is with James Bryant - a Mental processes to help people adapt

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29
Q

Describe the relationship William James saw between functionalism and natural selection

A

William James: mental abilities and must have evolved because they were ADAPTIVE - abilities increase an individual fitness in and environment

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30
Q

Ancient philosophers did not support their claims with this: scientists do:

A

Empirical evidence

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31
Q

How did Flourens/Broca develop science! linking mind and behavior

A

They showed that damage to the brain= impairment behavior/mental functions - so the physical brain is tied to the mind

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32
Q

How did Herman von Helmholtz further the science! of the mind

A

Helmholtz developed methods to measure reaction Time -he showed that signals travel to the brain

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33
Q

What scientific achievement is Wilhelm Wundt credited with?

A

Wundt is credited with the founding of psychology as a scientific! Discipline - he is a structuralist/ observing the relationship! between those elements

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34
Q

G. Stanley Hall did this for psychology:

A

G Stanley Hall established the first American psychology laboratory, Journal and the American psychology association APA

35
Q

Define hysteria

A

Hysteria is a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, using due to emotionally upsetting experiences

36
Q

Define unconscious

A

The unconscious operates outside conscious awareness - and it influences conscious behavior

37
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaving feeling and thoughts/ behavior

38
Q

Charcot and Janet observe this:

A

Patient had hysteria - but the symptoms disappear under hypnosis

39
Q

This psychologist believed hysteria could help understand the mind:

A

William James - you thought you could use a mental disruptions to understand normal operation

40
Q

Describe the root of the word hysteria:

A

Latin Hyster = womb - they thought women had a wondering womb Now defunct

41
Q

Describe Sigmund Freud’s perspective on psychology

A

Freud and the psychoanalytic theory - we must discover really experiences of the patient - when we must uncover their unconscious conflicts and sexual desires

42
Q

Define psychoanalysis

A

Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach the focus is on bringing unconscious material to conscious awareness to better understand disorders

43
Q

William James and Sigmund Freud have this in common:

A

James and Freud Believe the mental aberrations provide important clues into the nature of mind

44
Q

Describe the contrasting workplaces James and Freud

A

William James working in academic setting while Sigmund Freud had clinical patients - clinical psychology

45
Q

What is criticized in Freud’s psychoanalysis approach

A

He focuses on limitations and problems - he thinks people are hostages to unconscious childhood and primitive sexual desires - his ideas are difficult to test scientifically

46
Q

These psychologists pioneered a humanistic psychology

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers pioneered humanistic psychology

47
Q

Define humanistic psychology

A

Humanistic psychology is an approach to understand human nature emphasizing positive potential

48
Q

Contrast Psychoanalysis and psychology

A

Psychoanalysis: people have limitations, prisoners of their past, PATIENTS vs. humanistic psychology: people have potential, they are free agents developing, CLIENTS

49
Q

Charcot and Janet raise this possibility studying hysteria

A

Patients are different people under his hypnosis - so each of us may have more than oneself

50
Q

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology

A

Margaret Floy Washburn - she have the animal mind book which develops the theory of consciousness - criticized

51
Q

Define behaviorism

A

Behaviorism is an approach where psychologists restrict himself to the study of objectively observable behavior

52
Q

Watson suggested this is about the direction of psychology

A

Watson: private experience is too vague for scientific inquiry - since psychology should focus on behavior! Not experience

53
Q

Defined response

A

Responses and action or psychological change enacted by a stimulus

54
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is the idea that the consequences! of behavior determine whether it will be more likely to be done again

55
Q

This scientist influenced Watson’s theory of behavior

A

Ivan Pavlov

56
Q

Pavlov’s experiments show that this

A

The sound of a tone could influence the salivation of dogs - salivation= the response

57
Q

What is the difference between Pavlov and Skinner’s approach

A

Pavlov: dogs are passive! participants vs. Skinner: animals act! So can they learn to craft

58
Q

Skinner build this to demonstrate reinforcement

A

Skinner built the conditioning chamber or skinner box -it works by reinforcement-the rat learns to push a lever to get food

59
Q

Describe Skinner application his reinforcement principles as well as the backlash

A

Skinner builds teaching machines - he has utopia dreams: he will make good behavior through reinforcement - he thinks free will is an illusion -there is backlash because you can’t criticize free will in AMERICA

60
Q

define illusions

A

Ilusions are errors of perception/ memory/ judgment in which subjective experience differs from Objective reality

61
Q

Define Gestalt psychology

A

Gestalt psychology - we often perceived the whole rather than the sum of its parts. Gestalt - German for a unified whole

62
Q

This man developed Gestalt psychology

A

Max Wertheimer - he observes daddy disappearing.is interpreted as a moving dot so he concludes the whole! as perceived and not the parts - even though the movement is an illusion

63
Q

Barlett observed this

A

Ebbinghaus Tom Had message to test memory on himself - but Barlett instead studied story recollections - people recalled what they wanted to happen in the story not! reality

64
Q

What did Piaget theorize?

A

Piaget: Young children lack the particular cognitive ability that allows older! children to realize mass is constant when object is divided

65
Q

Describe Kurt Lewin’s theory

A

A persons construal of a stimulus determines reaction ie not all kisses are pleasant - and he used topology to model subjective experience

66
Q

This invention help spur cognitive psychology

A

The computer helped spur cognitive psychology it introduced the idea of a flow of information = mental event are flow

67
Q

Broadbent and Miller had to these insights to the mind

A

Broadbent: Limited capacity to handle incoming information-less multitask - Miller: we can attend to seven 7 pieces of information at a time

68
Q

What did BF Skinner contribute to cognitive psychology

A

Observable behavior was pushed in Skinners book - but it cannot account for language that is strung together in original ways therefore there are cognitive processes tonight

69
Q

Lashley tried to find this in the brain

A

lAshley had rats in a maze - he wanted to find the precise spot when learning occurred - the rats got worse couldn’t find it - it was the starting physiological psychology and it lead to behavioral neuroscience

70
Q

Define behavioral neuroscience

A

Behavioral Neuroscience links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

71
Q

Define cognitive Neuroscience

A

Cognitive Nueroscience is the field of study that attends to understand the link between cognitive processes and brain activity

72
Q

Define evolutionary psychology

A

Evolutionary psychology puts the mind and behavior in terms of adaptive value I’m Abilities chosen by natural selection overtime

73
Q

This scientists married evolution to psychology

A

e.o Wilson

74
Q

define social psychology

A

Social psychology is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

75
Q

Define lewins field theory

A

Lewin: behavior is a product of internal forces and external forces

76
Q

define absolutism in psychology

A

Absolutism holds the culture makes little or no difference for most psychological phenomena

77
Q

Relativism in psychology

A

Relativism holds that psychological phenomena across cultures -should only be viewed in specific cultural context

78
Q

what do social and cultural psychology both add to the discipline

A

Social and cultural psychology expanded disciplines horizon of individuals and a greater context

79
Q

Who was the first woman to be president of the APA

A

Mary Calkins -argue to get structuralism -a single unit cannot be broken down into mini parts

80
Q

Is the first minority president of the APA

A

Kenneth Clark he said segregation of races causes great psychological harm for example African-American children prefer a white doll to black doll

81
Q

Describe the difference between us response to aline in the box Japanese response

A

Americans drew a line at the same length - Japanese juror line proportionately this is

82
Q

Which part of psychology has largest PhD/jobs

A

ClinicalPsychology is the largest

83
Q

Biological psychology

A

Brain focus

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

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