Memory Chapter 6 Flashcards
- does how we remember something depend on how we think about it at the time?
yes
- three types of judgements
semantic judgements - think about meaning // rhyme judgements - think about the sound of words // visual judgements - think about the appearance of words
- which kind of judgement works best
semantic judgements
- explain semantic encoding/ where in the brain
process of releating knew nfo to knowledge already stored - more activity lower left of frontal lobe - inner part of left temporal lobe - more types of encoding the better
- how are memories made/ what is
by combining info already in brain with new info from senses - mem is ability to store and retrive info over time
- what are the 3 key functions of memory
encoding (transforming perception to memory) // storage (maintaining over time) // retrieval
- 3 kinds of storage/how to distinguish them
sensory - short term - long term - distinguish by amount of time retained - modal model of memory
- define sensory memory + eg
a type of storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less - ie only being able to remember latest words flashed on a screen
- what does sperling memory test show
shows iconic memory stores a whole grid of letters
- why does survival encoding work best
draws on semantic / visual / organizational encoding - all three @ once = advantage
- is superior recall observed for planning or survival?
planning
- organization encoding + example + who does
process of categorizing info according to relationships of itmes ie words into conceptual groups ie servers remember orders like this
- visual imagery encoding + example + advantages
process of storing new info by converting it to mental pictures - ie Simonides naming bomb dead by visual of their chairs - ie assigning item to rooms of house - doubles memory over just epeating words
- why did HM lose longterm memory
temporal lobes + hippocampus were removed
- what is long term memory + example
storage that holds info for hours - years: no capacity limits - ie knowing names in high school yearbook 50 yrs later
- can working memory improve/why would you want to improve it
yes working mem can improve - low scores = difficulty learning in classroom
- what is working memory
active maintenance of info in short-term stoage - subsystems store + manipulate visual images - central executive coordinates the subsystems
- what is Franco Magnani famous for
long term memoruy - perfect paintings of Pontito italy
- what is short term memory/how long effective
holds nonsensory info for more than a few seconds - less than a minute - best recall about 15-20 secs
- short term memory limitations + a method to remedy it
how long and how much - about 7 numbers or 7 meaninful infos - chinking combines small pieces into large chunks - more easily available in short term memory
- rehearsal def
keeping info in short term emory by mentally repeating it
- explain the 2 kinds of sensory memory
iconic = fast decay (1/4-1 sec) store of visual info / echoic memory = fast-decay store of auditory info (2-5 sec)
- what is retrieval (most important mem process
process of brining to mind info previously stored
- what is long-term potentiation LTP
communication across the synanpse between neurons strengthens the connection - makes further communication easier - aids long term mem
- what is slug Aplysia example of
learning based on synapse changes for short-term storage (enhance neurotransmitter) and long term storage (new synapse growth)
- explain consolidation + implications/when
process where mems becomes stable in brain - means less hippocampus needed for it over time - consolidation happens during recall/sleep
- explain why reconsolidation + eliminating it implications
memories vulnerable to disruption when they recalled - so they need reconsolidation - preventing initial consolidation = forgetting - could force forget bad things/amygdala emotion memories
- retrograde amnesia def/antonym
inability to retrieve info acquired before particular date vs anterograde amnesia
- hippocampus role in consolidation
am index - so most critical when memory first forms
- example of retrieval changing memory
when shown stops on tour never visited - make up a vivid memory about seeing it
- retrieval-induced forgetting + examples
retrieving from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items - occurs during conversation - both parties have hard time remebering omitted events - can also impair eyewitness memory in court
- when does cramming/retrieval work best
cramming works best within minutes - retrieval works best within weeks
- explain (state) dependent retrieval + eg
tendency for info better recalled when in same state for both encoding and retrieval ie both times in sad mood
- explain transfer appropriate processing
retrieval situation matches encoding ie card card of brain mem by rhyming/ meaning - rhyme works better when asks for rhyme - meaning works better for random recall (phonemic)
- explain encoding specificity principle
retrieval cue helps by recreating way info was encoded
- explain brain activity during priming
associated with reduced activity - being primed is more efficient
- a hallmark of procedural memory + eg
what you remember automatically translated into actions ie guitar playing
- explain the 2 classes of memory
explicity mem - when people concsiously retrieve past experieces // implicit memory - past effects behaviour/performance - without awareneww of recollection ie greg just sad not why
- procedural memory
gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice -“knowing how to do things”
- brain activity during memory retrieval
supresses competitors ie frontal lobe supresses it - once done its easier to locate the target memory
- why are first memories seen later in asian cultures
less emphasis on the past
- are trying to recall and sucessuflly recalling differet processes?
yes
- another word for collaborative memory
transactive memory
- explain collaborative group performance
better than any individual but not as good as combiined nominal group cuz of collaborative inhibition (social factors supress the good ideas ie social loafing)
- type of memory used to envision personal futures
episodic memory
- FACT hippocampus effects memory of the day’s events
ok
- explain semantic vs episodic memory
semantic is a network of associated facts/concepts - make up knowledge of world // episodic em - collection of PERSONAL past experiences = mental time travel
- perceptual priing vs conceptual priming
perceptual reflects implicit memory for item’s sensory features (visual cortex right) // conceptual priming - reflects implicit emory for meaning/use (frontal lobes left)
- explain blocking + where
tip-of the tongue - failure to produce even though trying - often occurs for people/places (weak links) - they know something about it ie meaning - left temporal lobe - more with age
- whatis/ 2 sources of absentmindeness
lapse i attention that results in mem failure - dviding attention = less hippocampus on = absentmindeness // failure of prospective memory for future probs
- retroactive/proactive interference
retroactive = later learning impairs mem for info acquired earlier // proactive interference = situations in which earlier learning imparis mem for info acquired later
- explain transience + who studied first
forgetting what occurs over time - gradual switch from specific to general memories overtime - ebbinghaus
- what can help create false memories
imagining past events - hypnosis
- explain suggestibility
tendency to incorporate isleading info from external sources into personal recollections - cuz not all details stored ie suggesting you spill on pants = mem created
- define false recognition
feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t occured before
- can false rec be reduced/ why does false recognition occur
when presented with new object on its own - dont recollect specific deteals about the object studied - only details that show its new
- memory misattribution + source memory + implication
misattribution = assigning mem to wrong source // source mem = recall of when/where/how info acquired = deja vu experiences
- a way to look at the 7 sins of mem
costs for benefits of having a well working mem that doesnt need to reember too much
- key player in brain’s response to emotional events
amygdala
- what are flashbulb memories
detailed recolletions of when and where we hear d about shocking events ie 9/11 - better accuracy than others from the time
- persistence def
intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget - after traumatic incidemts - more emotional events
- explain bias + types
distorting influences of PRESENT knowledge/beliefes/feelings on recollection - consistency bias to reconstruct past to fit PRESENT - change bias to exaggerate difference in past and present belief - egocentric bias to exaggerate change to make us look good
- what does encoding require
selective attention
- 3 code levels of processing Craik
structural code (word structure) // Phonemic code
- 3 alternative ways to enrich encoding
elaboration / visual imagery / self-reference effect (relevant to yourself)
- what does working memory do
get info to the long-term mem
- Miller limited capacity store ef
NATO RCMP chunking
- transfering to long term mem erial position effect
primacy effect ( high rate low position on list) / regency efffect (high retention high position on list)
- explain schema/script
organized cluster of knowledge ie missing wine bottle in office not in schema - adding books to office in shcema // script - info about an activity ie greeting howre you - goood - etc
- how is schema used in retrieval
- as a guide
- explain Bartlett and Neisser reconstructive nature of memory
bartlett story had reconstructive errors and constructive errors // neisser out of a few chips we remember the dinosaur
- what did loftus/spanos do
loftus creating false memories - spanos impossible memories
