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PSYC 100 > Consciousness Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Consciousness Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  • why is regaining consciousness during surgey bad
A

can spike blood pressure heart rate etc

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2
Q
  • Define consciousness
A

a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind - EXPERIENCE focus - Posner and Snyder

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3
Q
  • circadian rhythm study
A

Recht/Lewt/Schwartz - teams flying east perform worse

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4
Q
  • explain sleep spindles study
A

Dang-Vu - spindle rate predicts sleep stability - high spindle rate is good

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5
Q
  • controlled processes
A

require alert awareness so limit attention and take away from other processes

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6
Q
  • automatic processes
A

little attention so they don’t interfere

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7
Q
  • check brain waves note
A

do it

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8
Q
  • Challenge in psychology
A

trying to make sense of subjects not just objects

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9
Q
  • phenomenology
A

how things seem to the conscious person

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10
Q
  • beta wave frequency and mood
A

15 to 30 cps - normal alert state

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11
Q
  • alpha wave frequency and mood
A

8-12 cps - relaxation

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12
Q
  • theta wave frequency and mood
A

4-7 cps - light sleep

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13
Q
  • delta wave frequency
A

<4 cps deep sleep

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14
Q
  • define Problem of Other Minds
A

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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15
Q
  • 2 consequences of problem of other minds
A

1 zombies - ppl could just be saying things (zombies might exist) 2 can’t tell if others’ experience is like yours

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16
Q
  • Ppl judge minds for these 2 factors
A

1 experience 2 agency

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17
Q
  • 4 ratings of agency/experience in dogs to ppl minds
A

1 none of each 2 experience > agency 3 both 4 agency > experience ie God - so Everyone knows minds have EXPERIENCES that lead to ACTION

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18
Q
  • one solution to other minds problem
A

behaviourism (only studying behaviour) - doesnt account for language etc recall - so modern psyc studies mind

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19
Q
  • Descartes and soul
A

17th century - thought soul was in pinneal gland @ center of brain - really an endocrine gland so obvs not

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20
Q
  • mind-body problem
A

issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body - “mind is what the brain does” today

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21
Q
  • what Descartes was right about
A

reconciling physical body with the mind - today patterns of neuron activity can be shown repeated for the same stimulus

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22
Q
  • brain/though/action relationship
A

brain precedes conscious mind - electrical patterns fire up half second before voluntary thinking/ action

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23
Q
  • explain nature of consciousness
A

4 properties: intentionality/unity/selectivity/transience - different levels - a range of contents

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24
Q
  • intentionality
A

consciousness directed toward an object - its always about something - limited attention

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25
Q
  • unity
A

resistance to division so info from all body senses is integrated - by brain

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26
Q
  • selectivity
A

capacity to include some objects but not others

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27
Q
  • dichotic listening + significance
A

people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear - filters out some info but tunes in some info ie woman to man change - most inclined to select info of special interest

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28
Q
  • cocktail-party phenomenon + example
A

people tune in one message while they filter out others nearby - ie more likely to notice own name being spoken

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29
Q
  • when can selectivity occur
A

in all the states ie sleeping - waking someone with name works better

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30
Q
  • transcience + metaphor for it
A

tendency to change - mind wanders from present to present to present - “stream of conciousness” metaphor coined by William James - (Ulysess book an example)

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31
Q
  • Necker cube
A

conciousness flows inevitably ie different perspectives of the cube - ppl reverse it regulary ie 3 secs

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32
Q
  • minimal consciousness
A

low level sensory awareness - mind inputs sensations/may output behaviour ie turning towards sun even plants do it

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33
Q
  • full consciousness
A

know and are able to report your mental state - ie when you realize pain in your leg not just rubbing it ie dring without thinking

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34
Q
  • self consciousness
A

person’s attention is drawn tot the self as an object (William James described) - ie when you’re group focus/ camera trained on you/ intropection

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35
Q
  • Mirrors and self-consciousness
A

avoid when ashamed - chronic = depression - OR analyzing self can make more civilized for a moment

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36
Q
  • explain animal mirror relationship
A

most dont recognize - chimps do ie brushing red pigment of self when seeing it in mirror - human infants dont recognize until 18 months

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37
Q
  • experience sampling technique + concs
A

systematic approach to thinking aloud - promted to record at random times of the day - shows consciousness dominated by immediate environment

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38
Q
  • current concerns
A

what the person is thinking about repeatedly - real concerns can differ from reports

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39
Q
  • Skin conductance level
A

measure emotional responses - show subjects can get emotional when they are topics of curren concern

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40
Q
  • positive affect study results
A

lowest affect when commuting/ working - also childcare even though they __want__ to have positiv kid time

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41
Q
  • daydreaming
A

purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind

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42
Q
  • daydreaming fMRI study
A

daydreaming (or not busy state) uses default network - this brain patterns for social life etc

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43
Q
  • mental control
A

attempt to change conscious states of mind

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44
Q
  • thought supression
A

conscious avoidance of a thought

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45
Q
  • thought supression study
A

white bear Dostoyevsky - Wegner study not supression = less times thinking about bear

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46
Q
  • rebound effect of thought supression
A

thought returns with greater frequency following supression

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47
Q
  • ironic monitor
A

ie people trying to be happy get sad

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48
Q
  • ironic processes of mental control
A

ironic errors bedcause process that monitors errors can itself produce them - not present in consciousness - as works in background: increases sensity to unwanted though = BOOM its there

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49
Q
  • frequency of mind wandering
A

50% of day - at least 30% in each activity

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50
Q
  • happiness and mind wandering
A

LESS HAPPY when wandering

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51
Q
  • wandering + creativity
A

creative problem solving occurs when mind wanders ie Einstein breaks through while walking

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52
Q
  • Is process of thinking conscious?
A

no - just results - your not even allowed to be aware of thinking process

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53
Q
  • structural psychologists and thought
A

ie Wilhelm Wundt - could not report the actual thinking - drew a blank

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54
Q
  • dynamic unconscious
A

described by Freud - active system encompassing lifetime of hidden memories - deepests instincts/desires and struggle to control these forces

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55
Q
  • repression
A

Freuds theory of what holds unconscious desires in check - removes unacceptable thoughts from conscious and puts them in the unconscious

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56
Q
  • Freudian slips
A

Freud’s evidence of unconscious in speech errors ie Fox News sez Obama bin Laden - maybe what was going through their head - also ie shad bock turns to bad shock reading when warned of shock

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57
Q
  • why is Freud not as influential today
A

he relied on interpreting past events - science focus is using hypothesis tests to predict future based on evidence

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58
Q
  • modern view cognitive unconscious
A

factory that builds concious thought and behaviour - all mental processes that given rise to these even though they’re not in conscious experience

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59
Q
  • subliminal perception
A

thought/behaviour influenced by stimuli that person cannot consciously report as perceiving ie James Vicary movie theatre “Eat Popcorn” hoax

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60
Q
  • subliminal perception experiment
A

presented words to do with aging in a series of words - not sublimal just noticeably - subjects exposed walked slower!

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61
Q
  • mental butler view of unconscious
A

takes over tedious tasks - not that smart ie subliminal enemy loses registers negative connotation not positive that enemy has lost - doesnt join the words together

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62
Q
  • unconscious decision
A

better able to sort out complex info ie choosing roomate unconsciously while playing game = good result

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63
Q
  • altered state of consciousness
A

form of experereince departs significantly from normal subjective experience of world/mind - in dreams

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64
Q
  • circadian rhythm
A

naturally occuring 24 hour cycle - circa=about dies=day - 25.1 hrs has beentested as actual

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65
Q
  • first EEG recordings
A

1929

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66
Q
  • these waves alternate in waking hours
A

beta waves (high frequency alertness) // alpha waves (low freq relaxation)

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67
Q
  • list 5 sleep stages
A

1 theta waves (below alpha) 2 sleep spinds & K complexes (activity bursts - hard to awaken) 3/4 delta waves (slow wave sleep) 5 REM

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68
Q
  • REM sleep
A

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements - high level of brain activity - pulse quickens - sexual arousal - very still

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69
Q
  • what did the prof also call REM sleep
A

“paradoxical sleep”

70
Q
  • Electrooculograph
A

EOG - instrument that measures eye movements - measures REM so we know dreams happen there - 80% report it

71
Q
  • proof dreams in real time
A

Dement and Kleitman - wok @ 5 mins or 15 mins after REM sleep and they could judge time of dream

72
Q
  • first hour of night
A

waking to stage 4 (deepest) - delta waves

73
Q
  • after 1st hour of sleep
A

up to REM - still difficult to awaken - 90 minute cycles - stage 3/4 slow waves end halfway thru night

74
Q
  • sleep needs @ ages
A

newborns total 16 hours of naps // 9-18 months consolidate to single sleep // 6 yrs 11-12 hrs - down from there to 7 average

75
Q
  • Randy Gardner
A

stayed up 264 hours - recovered after 14 hrs sleep - a record

76
Q
  • all nighter probs
A

cant recall info - need sleep to sort it out - sleep loss after several days leads to weight loss/death wonkky

77
Q
  • REM sleep importance
A

need it or excessive aggression - loss one night leads to REM rebound next night

78
Q
  • animal sleep pro/co
A

available to prey - but in humans helpful cuz hiding in cave

79
Q
  • list sleep disorders
A

insomnia - sleep apnea - insomnambulism

80
Q
  • insomnia
A

difficulty falling/staying asleep - 30% report - 6% actual

81
Q
  • causes of insomnia
A

night shifts self induced - depression secondary - no factors primary insomnia

82
Q
  • ironic mental control insomnia
A

heightened sensitivity to signs of sleep

83
Q
  • sleeping pill problems
A

addictive - reduce REM sleep

84
Q
  • sleep apnea
A

stops breathing for a moment while sleeping - snoring is symptom - overweight men

85
Q
  • somnambulism
A

sleepwalking - 15-40% of kids report - glassy stare - can fall - OK to wake up from this :)

86
Q
  • sleep paralysis
A

waking up unable to move - before regain motor control - hypnopamic = awakening hallucinations - alien invasion alarm root cause // hypnagogic while falling asleep

87
Q
  • narcolepsy
A

falling asleep in middle of a waking activity - short time - meds treatment

88
Q
  • night terrors
A

abrupt awakenings from NREM with ANS panic/ emotional arousal - in non-REM sleep

89
Q
  • what is zzzz-mailing
A

internet use at night - sonambulism

90
Q
  • Dement quote
A

“dreaming permits… safely insane every night of our lives”

91
Q
  • characteristics of dreams
A

feel emotion - thought is illogical - sensation fully formed - uncrictical acceptance - difficulty remebering after

92
Q
  • highest reported topics for dreams
A

falling - school - sex

93
Q
  • EV influence in dream eg.s
A

water drops = water drop dream // tetris game = tetris falling blocks dream

94
Q
  • nightmares
A

wake up the dreamer - average 24/year - quake survivors more nightmares about that - police more in general

95
Q

FACT: Daniel in Bible interpreteted nebechadnexxar dream

A

also Joseph good good

96
Q
  • Freud dream theory
A

its purposefully comfusing - manifest content = superficial meaning // latent content = true underlying meaning

97
Q
  • freud dream theory (1900) example
A

dreaming of tree burning near friends house (manifest) = killing friend (latent & taboo)

98
Q
  • Cartwright’s theory of dream purpose
A

problem - solving

99
Q
  • hobson’s theory of dreaming
A

activation synthesis

100
Q
  • revonsuo’s theory of dreaming
A

“evolutionary”

101
Q
  • dream + supression
A

feature supressed thoughts ie dream of person youve been told not to think about

102
Q
  • activation-synthesis model (of dreams)
A

brain attempting to make sense of random reural activity during sleep - no external stimuli but keeps on interpreting info

103
Q
  • brain fMRI concs
A

brain changes of REM sleep = dreaming pTTERNS - areas for fear/emotion work overtime in dreams - Amygdala activated

104
Q
  • vision during sleep
A

visual perception NOT visual association ie imagery IS activated - occipatal lobe

105
Q
  • what makes dream rambling
A

prefontal cortex = rambling

106
Q
  • motor cortex REM sleep
A

ACTIVATED - spinal neurons prevent action from it though - thrashing around = loss of muscle inhibition

107
Q

Dream Meanings Around World

A

US - South Korea - India agree with Freud basic idea that dreams have meanings

108
Q
  • Huxley
A

became legs of a chair with hallucinogen

109
Q
  • Psychoactive drugs
A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the bain’s chemical message system

110
Q
  • agonsists/antagonists
A

agonists increase activity of neurotransmitter - antagonists decrease

111
Q
  • ways drugs can affect neurotransmitters
A

prevent bonding to post-synaptic neuron // inhibit reuotake to presynaptic neuron // enhance bonding & transmission

112
Q
  • Valium
A

induces sleep but prevents dreaming - just slow wave sleep

113
Q
  • Cocaine + animals (rats)
A

its addictive - rats given free access continue use - lose weight - 90% died by end of study

114
Q
  • when does addiction occur
A

usually not on first use - icnreases over time with new tolerance/physical dependence/psychological dependence

115
Q
  • Drug tolerance
A

the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time for the same effect

116
Q
  • when is drug self-administration prompted
A

with withdrawal symptoms ie physical dependence (ill if no use) // psychological dependence ie smokers want one years after quit

117
Q
  • what does drug addiction reveal about humans
A

human fraility - “play first pay later” - consequences seem hazy off in distance - but if both play/pay in far future = we choose better option ie 1 year later

118
Q
  • drug use consequences
A

addiction not the only end - can overcome it

119
Q
  • Stanley Schachter
A

found publci addiction is not real story - 64% of smokers quit after trying hard - 75% of substance abusers overcame addiction

120
Q
  • Robbins study
A

Vietnam vets became addicted to heroin there - but different EV on return lets them quit - only 12% stayed addicted

121
Q
  • is all drug use addiction?
A

no ie caffeine used by 4 in 5 Americans

122
Q
  • strange miscarriages of addiction definition
A

tobacco use in Russia/china was severely punishable - also we label sex addicts/gambling addicts - not from real “drugs”

123
Q
  • Depressants
A

reduce activity of central nervous system ie alcohol/inhalants - physical and psychological dependence

124
Q
  • alcohol usage stats
A

king of depressants 52% over 12 use - 24% binge - young adult even higher

125
Q
  • acohol effects/how
A

euphoria then drunkeness - agonist (increases neurotransmitter activity) - increases GABA acivity = more inhibition of impulses than usual

126
Q
  • list 2 theories of why alcohol has variable effects
A

ie weepy vs agressive - 1 expectancy theory 2 alcohol myopia

127
Q
  • expectancy theory
A

alcohol effects produced by expectations of how alcohol will influence them in a situation - ie see giggling ppl at wedding? u will do the same

128
Q
  • balanced placebo design
A

behaviour observed after presence/absence of stimulus && presence/absence of placebo - ie alcohol test - similar behaviour when u have alcohol as when u think u have it

129
Q
  • alcohol myopia
A

alcohol hampers attention so we respond in simple ways to simple situations - fine judgment impaired - cant balance concers ie stealing best friend’s date

130
Q
  • drinking and agression study
A

men shown unfriendly woman = no sex thoughts even while drinking // friendly woman - yes and double yes - so drinking just wen to extremes

131
Q
  • drinking and crimes
A

22% of car crash have high alcohol blood level - incapacited rapes had purposeful alcohol use in 70%s

132
Q
  • barbiturates and benzodiazepenes
A

seconal/nembutal sleep aids; valium/XAnax = tranquilizers

133
Q
  • problems with toic inhalants
A

lethal although drunken effect - psychological dependence high

134
Q
  • Simulants
A

substances that excite the central nervous system - heighten arousal/ activity levels ie caffeine/amphetamines (speed)/nicotine/cocaine/modafinil

135
Q
  • Methadrine and dexedrine
A

widely abused - cause insomnia - agression - paranoia

136
Q
  • how do stimulants work
A

increase levels of dopamine/norepinephrine = alertness/euphoria - withdrawal =fatigue/depression

137
Q
  • Ecstasy use
A

makes users feel empathic so used at group raves - causes jaw clench/heatstroke sucseptibilty

138
Q
  • ecstasy street pill problems
A

impurities + toxic effect on serotonin neurons - sustained use = damage to serotonergic neurons

139
Q
  • cocaine origin
A

from coca plant in ANdes - chewed originally - Coke used it to 1903 - still uses coca plant - Pepsi never had it

140
Q
  • Cocaine usage
A

snorted - crack cocaine smoked - seriously addictive - withdrawal = insomnia / heart attack / hyperthermia = lethal

141
Q
  • nicotine
A

not pleasant - motivated by nasty withdrawl effects - dont want to quit so keep going

142
Q
  • opium
A

from poppy seeds - derivitives are heroin/morphine/methadone/codeine = narcotics/opiates umbrella

143
Q
  • narcotics
A

aka opiates -highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain - relaxation → lethargy

144
Q
  • narcotic administration risk
A

shared needles = HIV

145
Q
  • why are narcotics so alluring
A

mimic brains relaxation system - endorphins (opioids) - related to opiates - reduce pain naturally ie runners high - from pituitary gland

146
Q
  • what causes narcotic withdrawal
A

endorphin receptors artificially flooded and can’t deal

147
Q
  • hallucinogens
A

drugs that alter sensation and perception - cause visual // auditory hallucinations - LSD etc (Albert Hofman) - peyote=Native religious

148
Q
  • what does LSD effect
A

Serotonin (antagonist)

149
Q
  • hallucinogens in culture
A

Leary prof champions - Beatles “Lucy in Sky with Diamonds” - the psycho roller coaster ride too scary for most people

150
Q
  • Marijuana
A

plant with leaves and buds containing tetrahydrocannibol - concentrate = hashish - replaces anandamide neurotransmitter

151
Q
  • problems with marijuana
A

tolerance no - psych dependence yes - sometimes pain med - labelled Gateway Drug

152
Q
  • marijuana US status
A

Schedule I Controlled Substance - recognizes no medical use - states ie Colorado allow though

153
Q
  • american drug policies
A

War on drugs vs. Obama Harm reduction approach

154
Q
  • hypnotism history
A

Franz Anton Mesmer -mesmerizing - french guy ▶️ james braid 1834

155
Q
  • hypnosis
A

social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in the other person’s subjective experience of the world - sit quietly and focus - suggestions lead to unusual behaviour

156
Q
  • susceptibility
A

varies - most people only moderately influenced - hypnotist will ease in to influencing - if you think you will be influenced you most likely will

157
Q

Hypnotic Effects examples

A

stiff as a board // wont flinch when Pistol near face

158
Q
  • posthypnotic amnesia
A

failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestion to forget ie Ernest Hilgard study on “forgetting session” - also Paul Ingram - produced confession after being told to do so

159
Q
  • hypnotic analgesia
A

reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis - can be more effective than drugs

160
Q
  • Stroop task
A

control mental processes beyond conscious control - told to ignore colour of words in hypnosis - the. They ignore the argument of colour/word name - ie decreased activity in conflict monitoring region = actually experiencing it - not just pretending

161
Q
  • explain role-playing / social cognitive view of hypnosis - with the experimenter guys
A

Barber Spanos Orne – supporting evidence • replicating performance of hypnotized ( when told hand stiffen if hypnotized - it stiffens) • age-regressed memories • Orne’s (1959) demonstration

162
Q
  • explain Hilgard’s dissociation theory of hypnosis
A

dissociation in consciousness • “hidden observer” • supporting evidence –ice-bath –behaviour in isolation –brain imaging studies - pain only available to the hidden observer

163
Q
  • agonistic drugs act how
A

increase activity of neurotransmitter

164
Q
  • antagonistic drugs act how
A

decrease activity of neurotransmitter

165
Q
  • withdrawal definition
A

the occurrence of compensatory responses after drug use is discontinued causing the person to experience physiological reactions opposite to those that had been produced by the drug

166
Q
  • tolerance definition
A

condition in which increasingly larger doses of a drug are required to produce the same level of bodily responses

167
Q
  • explain REM sleep percntage as you age
A

starts at 50% of sleep and goes down from there

168
Q
  • what happens after sleep deprivation
A

60 hrs = hallucinations / 3 days = microsleep patterns

169
Q
  • what is “Kipasso”
A

art done in sleep

170
Q
  • what company used to make Heroin
A

Bayer - for children with bad coughs

171
Q
  • what company used to sell opium
A

stickney and poors - paregorgic - to make children behave

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

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