Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Fact another emotion def:
involves a subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal and by characteristic overt expressions
FACT
neither people or machines are good liars
Motivation def
the psychological cause for an action
- what is Capgras syndrome
people believe family member is imposter/ what causes it from neural connects between temporal lobe & limbic system
- how do people use their moods + a consequence
as info about the likelihood of succeeding at a task - so people that don’t feel are good investors
- hedonic principle def
claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure are avoid pain
- instant def
the natural tendency to seek a particular goal - vs. our motivations from experience
- homeostasis def
the tendency for a system of action to keep itself in a particular state
- what is ghrelin
signal in the brain to switch hunger on
- what is leptin + leotin deficiency
signal secreted by fat cells to switch hunger off - so leptin deficiency = trouble controlling appetites
- lateral hypothalamus vs. ventromedial hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus receives orexigenic signals - if destroyed animals will starve themselves to death // ventromedial gets anorexigenic signals - destroyed = gorge because no stoppers
- bulimia nervosa def
eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
- anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by intense fear of being fat - severe restriction of food intake - are often high-acheiving perfectionists
- why do anorexia patients have high levels of ghelin
trying to switch hunger back on
- who does anorexia affect most
women - but men if they had a female twin = prenatal female hormone exposure
- biggest eating problem US + why
Obesity - highly heritable - often leptin-resistant ppl
- effect of bottomless bowl on consumption
73% more soup when bottomless
FACT: once fat is cell added its there to stay
FACT: obesity easit=er to maintain than overcome - placing fatty foods farther away helps
metabolism def
the rate at which energy is used by the body
- what does hormone DHEA do
early onset of sexual desire
- when are most animal females interested in sex
when estrogen levels are high - humans are different = whenever
- human sexual response cycle def
stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
- detail sex excitement phas
-flush/erection etc
- detail sex plateau phase
tensions increase further - man urinary bladder closes
- detail orgasm phase sex
rhythmic contractions
- detail resolution s=phase sex
rtes drop & things return to normal - refractory period where stimulation does not produce excitement
- most sexual acts not meant to produce babies. list real reasons
physical attraction - means to and end (i.e. be popular) - emotional connection (communicate @ deeper level) - alleviate social insecurity (to force time spent together)
- three key areas where physiological motivations vary
extrinsic vs. intrinsic // conscious vs. unconscious // approach vs. avoidance
- intrinsic motivation def
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding i.e. eating fry
- extrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that lead to a reward - ie floss teeth to avoid gum disease (in future) and “get dates”
- results of 4 yr olds who can delay gratification
judged to be more intelligent and socially competent 10 yrs later
- do people work harder for intrinsic motivation
yes
- why is it difficult to get paid for what you love and still love what you do
because extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic interest
- why does financial penalty cause increase in late arrivals to daycare
because parents are intrinsically motivated to fetch their kids - the fine changes it to extrinsic motivation and that’s not particularly exciting
- conscious motivations
motivations of which people are aware
- unconscious motivations
motivations of which people are not aware
- need for achievement def
motivation to solve worthwhile problems - varies between people - (also aside - words like achievement on a screen cause people to work extra hard to solve a puzzle
- what happens when actions get harder
general motivations → specific motivations i.e. (i’m focusing on swallowing)
- approach motivation
a motivation to experience a positive outcome
- avoidance motivation
motivation not to experience a negative outcome
- when do people take more of a risk with vaccines/why
when they are described in terms of the number of lives lost - avoidance motivation is stronger than approach motivation
- differences of promotion and prevention focusses
promotion focus think in terms of achieving gains - prevention focus think in terms of avoiding losses
- Terror MAnagement Theory
theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality- cultural moral worldview buffers from this
- mortality salience hypothesis
people who are minded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural views - and derogate those who don’t share them
- 3 points on instinct
unlearned • uniform in expression • universal in species
- who formulated the 8 basic instincts/ what are they
McDougall - flight – repulsion – curiosity – acquisition – reproduction – gregariousness – self-abasement – pugnacity
- drive definition
–an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduce this drive/tension
- who came up with Drive reduction theory/what is it
Hull - the reduction of drive is the primary force behind motivation
- what is incentive/who had theories about it
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour –McClelland + Skinner
- Expectancy value model/who’s it by
atkinson -Motivation=expectancy X incentive value
- freud’s Psychodynamic perspective
–eros –thanatos - thanatos might motivate agression in salesperson
- Maslow pyramid of needs list from bottom to top
physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization
what doesnt Maslow’s pyramid explain
ie jumping out of a plane - putting self-actualization ahead of safety
- what is canon & washburn’s defunct hunger theory
stomach contractions ▶️ hunger - he actually swallowed a balloon - defunct cuz stomach removal patients still hungy
- Valenstein’s theory of lesioning
it doesnt just cause hyperphagia, it causes GENERALIZED AROUSAL
- what is the relation of blood and glucose
–glucosats •neurons sensitive to glucose in surrounding fluid - send signals to hypothalamus
- 2 substances involved in hormonal regulation
–insulin –leptin
- who did Rozin study about habits
Rozin (1998) –amnesiacs with minimal STM
- what was Schacter’s study on food-related cues
- effort/availability - chopstick study
- what was Painter’s study on food-related cues
hershey kisses - farther away food is the less likely you are to have it
- does bowl size/ spoon size have impact on amount eaten
yes - bigger bowl/spoon = more - Wansink et al
- obesity number definition
20% over ideal bodyweight
- fact: obese people eat more crackers when told its a short time than regular people
ok
- what is wansink’s french paradox
even though French ppl eat fatty foods they are more healthy than normal
- explain McClelland-Atkinson acheivement motivation findings
–need to master difficult challenges - to outperform others - and to meet high standards of excellence • need for achievement (nAch): –need to excel especially in competition with others
- what did Murray use to asses nAch
–Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
approach-approach conflict example
cruise job vs Bahamas job - both good - least stressful
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
back surgery vs back pain - both painful
Approach-avoidance concept
involve single goal with both attractive and unattractive aspects - high return on stock//loss of investment - very stressful
- factors of the physiological component of emotion
activation of sympathetic component of ANS – “flight or fight” response
- parts of a lie detector
polygraph • physiological recorder - blood pressure cuff - pneumograph
- what does the amygdala control (regarding emotion)
physiological and behavioural components of emotional response
- list the six basic emotions
happiness - anger - sad - surprise - disgust - fear
- tomkins+ laird facial feedback hypothesis example
pen il on top of lip makes sad face = sad
- russel’s theory on culture and emotion
“people of different cultures and speaking different languages categorize the emotions somewhat differently” Display Rules • norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions
List theories of emotion
commons sense theory / james-lange theory / cannon bard theory / schacter two-factor theory
- explain common sense theory emotion
Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a conscious feeling (fear anger) and a physiological response. • Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical responses such as trembling
- james-lange theory of emotion
•An emotion-arousing stimulus in the environment triggers a physiological reaction. •Our awareness of the physiological reaction leads to our experience of an emotion. - physiological reaction first
- canon-bard theory of emotion
•An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both a physiological response and the experience of an emotion. - due to subcortical brain activity
- schacter-singer two-factor theory of emotion
•Emotions involve two factors: physiological arousal ➡️cognitive label of the arousal - fear comes after appraisal of reaction
- sentence for schachter two-factor theory
“I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous”
Motivation equation
expectency x incentive ie lottery - expectancy low but incentive high
what happens when you have high leptin levels
high fat levels
what did Rozin prove
amnesia patients eat again so control of food intake related to memory
TAT example
winning vs. affiliation needs (love)
how do high-acheivement needers approach ring-toss task
stand in middle of ring toss - not too easy but not too hard to fail
- multidimensional scaling example
love is more like happiness than ange
FACT: experiences on graph can be described by thier unique coordinates on a 2D graph
good
- emotion def
as a postiive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
- James-Lange Theory
stimulus triggers activity in the body - which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain
- Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
stimulus simultaneoulsy triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in teh brain
- Schachter and Singer emotion claim
different emotions are merely different interpretations of a single battern of activity- undifferentiated physilogical arousal
- schacter and singer two-factor theory of emotion
emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal - when presented with something u think should scare = fear
- what part were james-lange/cannon-bard right about
james-lange:patterns of physiological response not the same for all emotions // cannon-bard ppl are not perfectly sensitive to these patterns of response
- Kluver & Bucy damage
damaged monkey’s amygdala = cant discriminate anymore
- explain ppl with damaged amygdalas
dont feel fear when they see a threat - but do feel fear still when they experience a threat - normal ppl have superior memory for emotional amygdala words ie vomit
- appraisal def
evaluation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus - amygdala critical in making these appraisals
- explain fast-pathway slow pathway
fast pathway from thalamus straight to amygdala = is this a threat evaluated // slow pathway thalamus to cortex to amygdala = what is the threat - should the initial threat evaluation be change in amygdala
- what does cortical damage cause
difficulty regulating emotion
- emotion regulation def
strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
- suppression/affect labeling def
suppression inhibits outward signs of emotion // affect labeling putting feelings into words for therapy
- reappraisal def
changing one’es emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus - ie viewing circumsision when told its a ‘joyous occasion’ less concerning
- emotional expression def
an observable sign of an emotional state
Fact: smile is a sign of happiness - emoticon is a symbol of happiness
good
- face number of muscles/configurations/action units
43 muscles - 10000 configurations - 46 action units for movement
- are facial expressions arbitrary symbols of emotion
no - feeling of happines CAUSES contraction of zygomatic major = smile lips
- facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify - ie ppl feel happier when holding pencil between teeth
- zygomatic major/ obicularis oculi
zygo pulls lip corners up - obicularis smile wrinkles eye
- darwin suggestion on facial expressions
expressions signal to animals how they are going to act
- universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone - people whove never seen it before judge correctly
FACT: people mimic each other’s postures and facial expressions
good
display rule + example
norms for the appropriate expression of emotion - ie showing contempt for peer but not superior is OK
intensification def
exaggerating emotion ie pretending gift surprise - display rule
deintensification def display rule
muting emotion ie loser looks less sad
masking display rule
expressing one emotion while feeling another ie poker face feigned happiness
neutralizing display rule
feeling emotion but displaying no expression ie a judge
- are people better at recognizing their own country’s display rules
yes
- microexpressions example
masking sadness but small bursts of disappointment
- morphology def
certain muscle resists conscious control ie obicularis oculi wrinkles
- symmetry def for sincere faces
sincere expressions are more symmetrical
- duration def for sincere faces
sincere range is .5-5 seconds not more/less
- temporal pattering def for sincere faces
sincere expressions appear smoothly - insincere have more abrupt on/off
FACT: crying is hard to control
FACT: pl think that fast talking is a sign of lying
