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PSYC 100 > Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Fact another emotion def:

A

involves a subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal and by characteristic overt expressions

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2
Q

FACT

A

neither people or machines are good liars

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3
Q

Motivation def

A

the psychological cause for an action

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4
Q
  • what is Capgras syndrome
A

people believe family member is imposter/ what causes it from neural connects between temporal lobe & limbic system

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5
Q
  • how do people use their moods + a consequence
A

as info about the likelihood of succeeding at a task - so people that don’t feel are good investors

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6
Q
  • hedonic principle def
A

claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure are avoid pain

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7
Q
  • instant def
A

the natural tendency to seek a particular goal - vs. our motivations from experience

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8
Q
  • homeostasis def
A

the tendency for a system of action to keep itself in a particular state

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9
Q
  • what is ghrelin
A

signal in the brain to switch hunger on

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10
Q
  • what is leptin + leotin deficiency
A

signal secreted by fat cells to switch hunger off - so leptin deficiency = trouble controlling appetites

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11
Q
  • lateral hypothalamus vs. ventromedial hypothalamus
A

lateral hypothalamus receives orexigenic signals - if destroyed animals will starve themselves to death // ventromedial gets anorexigenic signals - destroyed = gorge because no stoppers

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12
Q
  • bulimia nervosa def
A

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

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13
Q
  • anorexia nervosa
A

eating disorder characterized by intense fear of being fat - severe restriction of food intake - are often high-acheiving perfectionists

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14
Q
  • why do anorexia patients have high levels of ghelin
A

trying to switch hunger back on

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15
Q
  • who does anorexia affect most
A

women - but men if they had a female twin = prenatal female hormone exposure

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16
Q
  • biggest eating problem US + why
A

Obesity - highly heritable - often leptin-resistant ppl

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17
Q
  • effect of bottomless bowl on consumption
A

73% more soup when bottomless

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18
Q

FACT: once fat is cell added its there to stay

A

FACT: obesity easit=er to maintain than overcome - placing fatty foods farther away helps

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19
Q

metabolism def

A

the rate at which energy is used by the body

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20
Q
  • what does hormone DHEA do
A

early onset of sexual desire

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21
Q
  • when are most animal females interested in sex
A

when estrogen levels are high - humans are different = whenever

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22
Q
  • human sexual response cycle def
A

stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

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23
Q
  • detail sex excitement phas
A

-flush/erection etc

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24
Q
  • detail sex plateau phase
A

tensions increase further - man urinary bladder closes

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25
Q
  • detail orgasm phase sex
A

rhythmic contractions

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26
Q
  • detail resolution s=phase sex
A

rtes drop & things return to normal - refractory period where stimulation does not produce excitement

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27
Q
  • most sexual acts not meant to produce babies. list real reasons
A

physical attraction - means to and end (i.e. be popular) - emotional connection (communicate @ deeper level) - alleviate social insecurity (to force time spent together)

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28
Q
  • three key areas where physiological motivations vary
A

extrinsic vs. intrinsic // conscious vs. unconscious // approach vs. avoidance

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29
Q
  • intrinsic motivation def
A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding i.e. eating fry

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30
Q
  • extrinsic motivation
A

motivation to take actions that lead to a reward - ie floss teeth to avoid gum disease (in future) and “get dates”

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31
Q
  • results of 4 yr olds who can delay gratification
A

judged to be more intelligent and socially competent 10 yrs later

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32
Q
  • do people work harder for intrinsic motivation
A

yes

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33
Q
  • why is it difficult to get paid for what you love and still love what you do
A

because extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic interest

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34
Q
  • why does financial penalty cause increase in late arrivals to daycare
A

because parents are intrinsically motivated to fetch their kids - the fine changes it to extrinsic motivation and that’s not particularly exciting

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35
Q
  • conscious motivations
A

motivations of which people are aware

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36
Q
  • unconscious motivations
A

motivations of which people are not aware

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37
Q
  • need for achievement def
A

motivation to solve worthwhile problems - varies between people - (also aside - words like achievement on a screen cause people to work extra hard to solve a puzzle

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38
Q
  • what happens when actions get harder
A

general motivations → specific motivations i.e. (i’m focusing on swallowing)

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39
Q
  • approach motivation
A

a motivation to experience a positive outcome

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40
Q
  • avoidance motivation
A

motivation not to experience a negative outcome

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41
Q
  • when do people take more of a risk with vaccines/why
A

when they are described in terms of the number of lives lost - avoidance motivation is stronger than approach motivation

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42
Q
  • differences of promotion and prevention focusses
A

promotion focus think in terms of achieving gains - prevention focus think in terms of avoiding losses

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43
Q
  • Terror MAnagement Theory
A

theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality- cultural moral worldview buffers from this

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44
Q
  • mortality salience hypothesis
A

people who are minded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural views - and derogate those who don’t share them

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45
Q
  • 3 points on instinct
A

unlearned • uniform in expression • universal in species

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46
Q
  • who formulated the 8 basic instincts/ what are they
A

McDougall - flight – repulsion – curiosity – acquisition – reproduction – gregariousness – self-abasement – pugnacity

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47
Q
  • drive definition
A

–an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduce this drive/tension

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48
Q
  • who came up with Drive reduction theory/what is it
A

Hull - the reduction of drive is the primary force behind motivation

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49
Q
  • what is incentive/who had theories about it
A

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour –McClelland + Skinner

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50
Q
  • Expectancy value model/who’s it by
A

atkinson -Motivation=expectancy X incentive value

51
Q
  • freud’s Psychodynamic perspective
A

–eros –thanatos - thanatos might motivate agression in salesperson

52
Q
  • Maslow pyramid of needs list from bottom to top
A

physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization

53
Q

what doesnt Maslow’s pyramid explain

A

ie jumping out of a plane - putting self-actualization ahead of safety

54
Q
  • what is canon & washburn’s defunct hunger theory
A

stomach contractions ▶️ hunger - he actually swallowed a balloon - defunct cuz stomach removal patients still hungy

55
Q
  • Valenstein’s theory of lesioning
A

it doesnt just cause hyperphagia, it causes GENERALIZED AROUSAL

56
Q
  • what is the relation of blood and glucose
A

–glucosats •neurons sensitive to glucose in surrounding fluid - send signals to hypothalamus

57
Q
  • 2 substances involved in hormonal regulation
A

–insulin –leptin

58
Q
  • who did Rozin study about habits
A

Rozin (1998) –amnesiacs with minimal STM

59
Q
  • what was Schacter’s study on food-related cues
A
  • effort/availability - chopstick study
60
Q
  • what was Painter’s study on food-related cues
A

hershey kisses - farther away food is the less likely you are to have it

61
Q
  • does bowl size/ spoon size have impact on amount eaten
A

yes - bigger bowl/spoon = more - Wansink et al

62
Q
  • obesity number definition
A

20% over ideal bodyweight

63
Q
  • fact: obese people eat more crackers when told its a short time than regular people
A

ok

64
Q
  • what is wansink’s french paradox
A

even though French ppl eat fatty foods they are more healthy than normal

65
Q
  • explain McClelland-Atkinson acheivement motivation findings
A

–need to master difficult challenges - to outperform others - and to meet high standards of excellence • need for achievement (nAch): –need to excel especially in competition with others

66
Q
  • what did Murray use to asses nAch
A

–Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

67
Q

approach-approach conflict example

A

cruise job vs Bahamas job - both good - least stressful

68
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

back surgery vs back pain - both painful

69
Q

Approach-avoidance concept

A

involve single goal with both attractive and unattractive aspects - high return on stock//loss of investment - very stressful

70
Q
  • factors of the physiological component of emotion
A

activation of sympathetic component of ANS – “flight or fight” response

71
Q
  • parts of a lie detector
A

polygraph • physiological recorder - blood pressure cuff - pneumograph

72
Q
  • what does the amygdala control (regarding emotion)
A

physiological and behavioural components of emotional response

73
Q
  • list the six basic emotions
A

happiness - anger - sad - surprise - disgust - fear

74
Q
  • tomkins+ laird facial feedback hypothesis example
A

pen il on top of lip makes sad face = sad

75
Q
  • russel’s theory on culture and emotion
A

“people of different cultures and speaking different languages categorize the emotions somewhat differently” Display Rules • norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions

76
Q

List theories of emotion

A

commons sense theory / james-lange theory / cannon bard theory / schacter two-factor theory

77
Q
  • explain common sense theory emotion
A

Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a conscious feeling (fear anger) and a physiological response. • Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical responses such as trembling

78
Q
  • james-lange theory of emotion
A

•An emotion-arousing stimulus in the environment triggers a physiological reaction. •Our awareness of the physiological reaction leads to our experience of an emotion. - physiological reaction first

79
Q
  • canon-bard theory of emotion
A

•An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both a physiological response and the experience of an emotion. - due to subcortical brain activity

80
Q
  • schacter-singer two-factor theory of emotion
A

•Emotions involve two factors: physiological arousal ➡️cognitive label of the arousal - fear comes after appraisal of reaction

81
Q
  • sentence for schachter two-factor theory
A

“I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous”

82
Q

Motivation equation

A

expectency x incentive ie lottery - expectancy low but incentive high

83
Q

what happens when you have high leptin levels

A

high fat levels

84
Q

what did Rozin prove

A

amnesia patients eat again so control of food intake related to memory

85
Q

TAT example

A

winning vs. affiliation needs (love)

86
Q

how do high-acheivement needers approach ring-toss task

A

stand in middle of ring toss - not too easy but not too hard to fail

87
Q
  • multidimensional scaling example
A

love is more like happiness than ange

88
Q

FACT: experiences on graph can be described by thier unique coordinates on a 2D graph

A

good

89
Q
  • emotion def
A

as a postiive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

90
Q
  • James-Lange Theory
A

stimulus triggers activity in the body - which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

91
Q
  • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A

stimulus simultaneoulsy triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in teh brain

92
Q
  • Schachter and Singer emotion claim
A

different emotions are merely different interpretations of a single battern of activity- undifferentiated physilogical arousal

93
Q
  • schacter and singer two-factor theory of emotion
A

emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal - when presented with something u think should scare = fear

94
Q
  • what part were james-lange/cannon-bard right about
A

james-lange:patterns of physiological response not the same for all emotions // cannon-bard ppl are not perfectly sensitive to these patterns of response

95
Q
  • Kluver & Bucy damage
A

damaged monkey’s amygdala = cant discriminate anymore

96
Q
  • explain ppl with damaged amygdalas
A

dont feel fear when they see a threat - but do feel fear still when they experience a threat - normal ppl have superior memory for emotional amygdala words ie vomit

97
Q
  • appraisal def
A

evaluation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus - amygdala critical in making these appraisals

98
Q
  • explain fast-pathway slow pathway
A

fast pathway from thalamus straight to amygdala = is this a threat evaluated // slow pathway thalamus to cortex to amygdala = what is the threat - should the initial threat evaluation be change in amygdala

99
Q
  • what does cortical damage cause
A

difficulty regulating emotion

100
Q
  • emotion regulation def
A

strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

101
Q
  • suppression/affect labeling def
A

suppression inhibits outward signs of emotion // affect labeling putting feelings into words for therapy

102
Q
  • reappraisal def
A

changing one’es emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus - ie viewing circumsision when told its a ‘joyous occasion’ less concerning

103
Q
  • emotional expression def
A

an observable sign of an emotional state

104
Q

Fact: smile is a sign of happiness - emoticon is a symbol of happiness

A

good

105
Q
  • face number of muscles/configurations/action units
A

43 muscles - 10000 configurations - 46 action units for movement

106
Q
  • are facial expressions arbitrary symbols of emotion
A

no - feeling of happines CAUSES contraction of zygomatic major = smile lips

107
Q
  • facial feedback hypothesis
A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify - ie ppl feel happier when holding pencil between teeth

108
Q
  • zygomatic major/ obicularis oculi
A

zygo pulls lip corners up - obicularis smile wrinkles eye

109
Q
  • darwin suggestion on facial expressions
A

expressions signal to animals how they are going to act

110
Q
  • universality hypothesis
A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone - people whove never seen it before judge correctly

111
Q

FACT: people mimic each other’s postures and facial expressions

A

good

112
Q

display rule + example

A

norms for the appropriate expression of emotion - ie showing contempt for peer but not superior is OK

113
Q

intensification def

A

exaggerating emotion ie pretending gift surprise - display rule

114
Q

deintensification def display rule

A

muting emotion ie loser looks less sad

115
Q

masking display rule

A

expressing one emotion while feeling another ie poker face feigned happiness

116
Q

neutralizing display rule

A

feeling emotion but displaying no expression ie a judge

117
Q
  • are people better at recognizing their own country’s display rules
A

yes

118
Q
  • microexpressions example
A

masking sadness but small bursts of disappointment

119
Q
  • morphology def
A

certain muscle resists conscious control ie obicularis oculi wrinkles

120
Q
  • symmetry def for sincere faces
A

sincere expressions are more symmetrical

121
Q
  • duration def for sincere faces
A

sincere range is .5-5 seconds not more/less

122
Q
  • temporal pattering def for sincere faces
A

sincere expressions appear smoothly - insincere have more abrupt on/off

123
Q

FACT: crying is hard to control

A

FACT: pl think that fast talking is a sign of lying

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

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