Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 100 > Learning Chapt 7 > Flashcards

Learning Chapt 7 Flashcards

1
Q
  • what is learning shorthand for
A

a collection of different techniques - procedures - outcomes - CHANGE and oragnism’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • learning def
A

the acquisition of new knowledge/ skills / responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • 3 key ideas for learning
A

1 based on experience 2 produces changes in the organism 3 relatively permanent changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • habituation
A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding ie violence in 150s-now movies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • this animal exhibits habituation
A

Aplysia - withdraws its gill - response gradually weakens after repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • sensitization
A

presentation of a stimulus leads to increased response to a later stimulus ie Aplysia after shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • behaviourist view of learning & who starts
A

no mental activity required - John Watson starts - measurable changes only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • classical conditioning def + Pavlov
A

a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response - ie dogs salivating to neutral stimuli ie bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Pavlov dogs produced “anticipatory response” as soon as put in harness. what does this demo
A

4 elements of classical conditioning 1 US unconditioned stimulus 2 UR unconditioned response 3 CS conditioned stimulus 4 CR conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • def US
A

unconditioned stimulus - somehting that reliably produces a naturaly occuring reaction in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • def UR
A

unconditioned reaction - a reflexive reaction reliably produced by unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • def CS + context
A

conditioned stimulus - previously neutral stimulus that produces reliable response in organism after paired with US - more than simple tone - needs context ie anticipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • def CR
A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response - produced by a conditioned stimulus ie sound of bell and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • why does dog sense/get ready to eat
A

presentation of food US associated with complex CS (moving around) = CS alone signales food is on the way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • when did pavlovs findings come out
A

1923

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • acquisition
A

period of association between CS & US - they are presented together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • explain response amounts in acquisition/extinction/spontaneous recovery
A

acquistion - low then rise and tapers off - extinction lessens response back down when CS alone - after breaks ie 24 hr spontaneous recoveries heightene for a bit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • second-order conditioning + Pavlov example
A

conditioning where CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with US in earlier procedure - ie Pavlov intros black square to reliable tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • what are cue exposure therapies
A

addict exposed to drug cues without drug = extinction of ontext assocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • extinction def
A

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when CS is repeatedly presented without the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • spontaneous recovery def
A

tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • what is generalization + example
A

CR observed even if CS is slightly different than CS in acquisition ie new can opener for dog - more new CS change = less response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • discrimination def + generalization tie in
A

capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli - shows whhy more different CS gets less CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • who was little Albert/ Watson’s purpose
A

9 month old - unemotional - WAtson wants to classicaly condition to be emotionally afraid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • watson experiment with little albert
A

acquisition phase of classical conditioning - albert scared by hammer on steel bar - paired with white rat for CS - generalization was shown with white rabbit + seal-fur coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • why did dogs not salivate when Pavlov approached
A

Pavlov not reliable indicator of food - he could be doing other things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Rescorla/Wagner theory
A

classical conditioning occurs when the animal has learned to set up an expectation - CS serves to set op expectation → array of behaviours- ie pavlov not reliabel = no expectation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • what does Rescorla/Wagner model account for
A

variety of classical conditioning phenomena - ie CS easier when the event is unfamiliar - Rescorla-Wagner model - cognitive elements are not necessarily conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • when is conciousness required for conditioning to occur
A

break between CS and US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • Pavlov’s takeaway from his research
A

providing insights into how the brain works - he was trained in medecine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • explain Thomson eyeblink conditioning focus
A

CS tone follwed by US puff of air - eyeblink response to CS alone - cerebellum critical for occurence of eyeblink conditioning (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • amygdala responsible for what kind of conditioning
A

emotional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • when do rats exhibit behavioural freezing
A

from sudden painful stimuli - amygdala activated - (fear conditioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • what was baffling about hummus example
A

single acquisition trial - usually takes several trials// UR (nausea) became CR (aversion to hummus)

35
Q
  • conditioning properties of organism for adaptive value
A

rapid learning 1/2 trials / should work over long intervals / aversion to smell of food not ingestion / novel foods more of a problem

36
Q
  • what did Garcia show about adaptiveness of classical conditioning
A

strong aversion when CS was distinct taste/smell

37
Q
  • cancer patients (broberg)
A

develop aversion for last thing before chemotherapy

38
Q
  • biological preparedness def
A

propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others ie taset + smell food aversions in rats - birds = visual cues

39
Q
  • operant conditioning def
A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated

40
Q
  • what did thorndike do operant conditioning
A

before Pavlov - instrumental behaviours - cat triggers lever to let itself out of box

41
Q
  • explain of effect
A

Thorndike - behaviours that are followed by “satisfying state of affairs” = repeated - those that produce unpleasant state of affairs - not - observable like behaviourists

42
Q
  • operant behaviour
A

behaviour an organism produces has some impact on the environment - reinforce (more likely to occur) or punish (less likely to occur)

43
Q
  • skinner + operant behaviour
A

animals engage in environment - operant conditoning chamber - focues on punishment and reinforcement

44
Q
  • why is reinforcement more effective than punishment
A

punishment doesnt say what should be done instead - punishment needs to be done right away to be succesful

45
Q
  • thorndike on context
A

stimulus control develops a particular response for a discriminitave stimulus

46
Q
  • Skinner context 3 term contigency
A

discriminative stimulus leads to responce produces a reinforcer (ie laughter)

47
Q

FACT

A

pigeons with picasso training discriminate to respond by choosing picasso again

48
Q
  • when is stimulus control effective
A

always - effective even if stimulus has no meaning to the respondent

49
Q
  • does operant behaviour undergo extinction
A

yes - when reinforcements stop - but not like US that occurs no matter what happens - reinforcement onyl happens when organism does something

50
Q
  • what variant on operant conditioning did skinner develop
A

schedules of reinforcement

51
Q
  • fixed interval schedules + outcome
A

reinforcers presented at fixed time periods - provided that appropriate response is made = burst of responding as interval draws to a close

52
Q
  • variable-interval schedule + outcome
A

behaviour reinforced based on an average time that has expired since last reinforcement ie every 2 minutes on average = slow methodical responding

53
Q
  • fixed ratio schedule + outcome
A

reinforcement delivered after specific number of responses have been made (inclduing continuos reinfocrment) - so you know its coming

54
Q
  • variable ratio schedule + outcome
A

deliver of reinforcement is based on a particular average nuber of responses ie every 100 slots on average = higher rates of repsonse because you dont know - intermittent reinforcement

55
Q
  • benefit of intermittent reinforcement
A

produce behaviour that is much more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule

56
Q
  • intermittent reinforcement efect
A

operant behaviours maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules RESIST EXTINCTION better than tose maintainened under contiunous reiforcement

57
Q
  • shaping + example
A

learning that results from reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour ie pigeons reinforced successive approximation actions to finally be able to swipe ball - skinner

58
Q
  • skinner superstitous exp.
A

set food to deliver every 15 seconds - reinforces whatever behaviour going on just then

59
Q
  • Tolman’s proposal
A

conditioning experience f]produces beleif in an ends-means relationship

60
Q
  • latent learning + example
A

something is learned but not manifested as behavioural chane until future - control group + reinforcement = latent learning

61
Q
  • cognitive map
A

mental representation of the physical featres of the environment - rats formed a sophisticated cognitive map

62
Q
  • pleasure centers james olds
A

rats ignore basic needs to stimulate pleasure centers = nucleus accumbens - medial forebrain bundle - hypothalamus ie fMRI show increased nucleus accumbens activity in men looking @ women

63
Q
  • explain Brelands
A

all species predisposed to learn some things mroe readily than others - these evolutionary mechanisms cna prevent some learning ie placing up coin in box

64
Q
  • explain Bandura Bobo Doll + children
A

kids observe aggressive model act aggressive towards it - if model is reward = increase / model punished = decrease

65
Q
  • diffusion chain def
A

individuals initially learn behaviour from a model - then serve as a model for someone else - works for up to 10-20 kids

66
Q
  • explain enculturation hypothesis
A

chimps in human culture increase ability to understand intented use of tool instead of just modelling use it in any way

67
Q
  • observational learning
A

learning that takes place by watching the actions of others

68
Q
  • TMS (fake brain damge) effect on observational learning
A

greatly reduced amount

69
Q
  • implicit learning
A

takes place independent of awareness of both procuess and products of its acquisition ie habituation

70
Q
  • mirror neurons
A

a type of cell found in brains of primates

71
Q
  • artifical grammar and learning
A

participants can eventually grasp correct grammar = implicit learning

72
Q
  • explain outcome of serial reaction time task
A

participants get faster as they anticipate which box is most likely to light up next

73
Q
  • explicit/implicit effect on brain regions
A

explicity increases prefontal/parietal cortex // implicit = decrease occipatal activity

74
Q
  • another word for massed practice
A

cramming

75
Q
  • outcome of judgements of learning JOLS
A

people spend more time studying what judged as not learning well

76
Q
  • 4 traits of effective learner
A

1 understanding learning/memory 2 effective learning techniques 3 how to monitor learning 4 biases

77
Q
  • Twitmyer contribution to classical conditioning
A

reflexes

78
Q
  • simultaneous classical conditioning
A

CS & UCS begin/end together

79
Q
  • Short-Delay classical conditioning
A

Cs starts just before UCS - they end together

80
Q
  • trace classical conditioning
A

Cs beigns and ends before the UCS

81
Q
  • backward classical conditioning
A

UCS is presented and removed BEFORE the CS

82
Q
  • FACT: HIgher order conditioning = second order classical conditioning
A

good good

83
Q
  • equipotentiality principle
A

animals are capable of connecting any CS to any US or of associating any response with any reinforcer

84
Q
  • why is money a secondary reinforcer
A

cuz can enable primary reinforcers ie food

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions