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PSYC 100 > Methods Chapter 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Methods Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Empiricism

A

accurate knowledge can be acquired trough observation

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2
Q

Empirical Method

A

a set of rules and techniques for observation

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3
Q

Scientific Approach

A

events governed by lawful order

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4
Q

Theory

A

hypothetical explanation a natural phenomenon

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Falsfiable PREDICTION made by a theory

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6
Q

Operational Definition

A

description of x in concrete, measurable terms i.e. “piercing - 1 piercing/person NOT 500 gross

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7
Q

Instrument

A

can detect CONDITION from Op. Definition

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8
Q

Validity

A

goodness of an event defining a property i.e. - 1 pierce has validity// ie frequency of smiling valid to determine happiness

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9
Q

reliability

A

instrument produces same measurement when measuring same thing i.e.. smile detected same way for TUES/THURS

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10
Q

Power

A

instrument’s ability to detect small magnitudes of a property

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11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

aspect of setting/enivronment - causes people to behave as THEY THINK others WANT THEM to BEHAVE

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

unobtrusive - in natural environment - ie Jane Goodall chimps ie Hawthorne effect: ANY manipulation increase productivity - felt special

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13
Q

Examples of Participation Observation

A

Abu Biruni (973-1048 bad example) - FESTINGER “When Prophecy Fails” with Cognitive Distance Theory

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14
Q

These are the goals of the scientific approach

A
  1. Description-Measurement 2. Understanding-Prediction 3. Application-Control
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15
Q

Name the constructs of measurement

A
  • self report measures - reports by others - behavioural observations - physiological measures
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16
Q

Define Variable

A

Variable - any MEASURABLE condition, event, characteristic, behaviour THAT IS manipulated, controlled, observed

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17
Q

Steps of Scientific Investigation

A

HSCAR 1 Hypothesis 2 Select Method 3 Conduct Study 4 Analyze Data-Draw Conclusions 5 Report findings of Research

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18
Q

Advantages of Scientific Method

A

Clarity/Precision -error free

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19
Q

The 2 research methods

A

1 Experimental - 2 Correlational

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20
Q

Define Experiment

A

Experiment - a technique to Establish CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP between 2 variables

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21
Q

Define Manipulation

A

Changing a variable in order to determine its casual power

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22
Q

Independent Variable

A

vairable Manipulated in an experiment

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23
Q

Experimental Group

A

exposed to the manipulation vs. control group not exposed - in example of speech manipulation TAPPING WAS CONTROL

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24
Q

Extraneous Variables (standardized variables)

A

others than independent that MAY Influence dependent variable

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25
Q

Confounding

A

value of extraneous variable varies across conditions of an experiment AKA changes along with the independent vble

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26
Q

Random Assignment

A

all subjects equal chance of being assigned to any Group/condition in the study

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27
Q

Internal Validity

A

attribute of experiment allowing to Establish CASUAL RELATIONSHIPS

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28
Q

External Validity

A

variables defined in typical way - simulates real world

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29
Q

Population (PSYC)

A

complete collection of participants who might be measured

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30
Q

Sample

A

partial collection of people drawn from a population

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31
Q

Case Method

A

a procedure to gather scientific information - studying single individual

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32
Q

Random Sampling

A

technique to ensure every member of population has chance to be included in the sample

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33
Q

define Between-subjects design

A

participant is in control or treatment group - NOT both - new group for each treatment

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34
Q

Multiple IV design

A
  • either between- or within-subjects variables - e.g., effects of gender and drug on memory
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35
Q

Variations on experimental design

A

multiple dependent variables eg. examine both accuracy and speed of performance of data entry

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36
Q

Quasi-Experiment

A

any experimental design that DOES NOT control the influence of all extraneous variables - often arise in situations where it is not possible to randomly assign subjects - ie how gender effects locus of control need a specific gender

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37
Q

advantages of experimental method:

A

establish CAUSE/EFFECT relationship - control of extraneous variables

38
Q

limitations of experimental method

A
  • often artificial - lack of generalizability - ethical concerns - THREATS to INTERNAL validity
39
Q

How are between subject designs kept random?

A

Randomization and matched pairs so very little contamination by extra variables but it’s still possible

40
Q

Between subject designs disadvantages

A

Too many participants may be needed – groups still individuals – can skew – emotions can skew = confident

41
Q

Example of between subjects experiment gone wrong

A

Researchers put school A as a control group School B as treatment - different socioeconomic zone each school is in causes bias

42
Q

Explain within subject design experiments

A

Within-subject design - every subject is given every treatment including control ie placebo then Real drug later

43
Q

Within-subject design advantages

A
  • reduces amount of error from people variance - requires fewer participants
44
Q

Within subjects design disadvantages

A

Fatigue - tired so performance effected in last test OR confident - better results on last test

45
Q

explain multiple IV design

A

either between or within subjects variables eg effects of gender AND drugs on memory

46
Q

some variations on experimental design

A

multiple dependent variables eg examine both accuracy and speed of performance of data entry

47
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Any experimental design that does not control influence of all extraneous variables– Situations where it’s not possible to randomly assigned subjects i.e. gender affecting control

48
Q

Advantages of experimental method

A

Establish cause-and-effect relationship - Control of extraneous variables

49
Q

Limitations of experimental methods

A

o often artificial - lack generalizability - THREATS to internal validity still POSSIBLE

50
Q

Types of correlation (3)

A

observation - case studies -surveys

51
Q

Observational types

A

naturalistic, participant, blind, double blind

52
Q

case study examples

A

Piaget - children develop ability to see split mass is same mass // Death row study - everybody had brain damage

53
Q

problems With case studies

A

lack of generalizability

54
Q

Survey problems

A

papaort and burkhart obsrved underreport of bad behaviour in survey participants

55
Q

correlational method advantages

A

flexible - behaviour assessed in real world - allows for prediction of behaviour up

56
Q

define matched samples

A

matched samples - two groups identical in terms of a third variable

57
Q

define matched pairs

A

each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable

58
Q

Correlational method limitation

A

Cannot establish causality

59
Q

Explain bidirectional problem

A

birthrate causing religion OR religion causing birthrate? could be either way

60
Q

Explain third variable problem

A

PArenting is influencing both birth rate and religiosity

61
Q

Example of sampling bias

A

literary digest predicts Landon over Roosevelt - phone users sampled + rich + republican

62
Q

Placebo effect

A
  • have placebo control group so its not causing it
63
Q

THIS decreases internal validity

A

confounding due to extra variables

64
Q

List distortions of self report data and experimenter bias

A

self report - subjects skew to SOCIAL DESIRABILITY Experimenter bias - double blind procedure eliminates observers expectations - rosenthal

65
Q

these were ethics codes set up

A

nuremburg codes - after NAzis did torture experiments

66
Q

This was an “evil” US study

A

Tuskegee experiment - Syphilis patients - began 1932 to 1972!!! US Public Health Service refuses black patients treatments and observed

67
Q

define debriefing

A

verbal description of purpose of study AFTERWARDS

68
Q

define informed consent

A

written agreement to particicpate in the study

69
Q

describe APA code of ethics

A

1953: competence, integrity, professional academic responsibility, respect for rates, concern for others welfare social responsibility

70
Q

Describe CPA code of ethics

A

Respect for dignity of persons, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, responsible to society

71
Q

Canada tri council policy statement

A

Respect for human dignity, free consent, vulnerable persons, confidentiality, justice inclusiveness, BALANCING HARM & BENEFIT

72
Q

outline steps to design ethical study

A

Obtain informed consent - allow subjects to withdraw, data confidentiality, debrief after - desensitize

73
Q

Animal research examples

A

Sperry - split brain right/left - Biofeedback - Schanberg - newborn rats touching causes growth

74
Q

Points against animal research and APA animal research code

A

-specieism fundamental rights, APA code caring for animals - justifying study

75
Q

Double blind

A

Observation true purpose Hidden from the observer and subjects

76
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Summarize some aspect of the data

77
Q

Frequency distribution

A

Graphical representation of measurement - # of times each measurement made = arrangement

78
Q

Histogram

A

rectangles in a frequency distribution

79
Q

explain Stem + leaf plot

A

ie 7 . 17 reads 71 & 77

80
Q

Explain the three measures of central tendency

A

1 - mean - average 2 mode - most frequent score 3 Median midpoint ie 3,4,5 = 4, 3-4 = 3.5

81
Q

Keep this in mind when choosing a measure of central tendency

A

MEAN affected by extreme scores - not others

82
Q

Explain three measures of variability

A

1 range highest to lowest 2 Variance - average of squared deviations from mean i.e. 1^2 + 3^2 = 10 3 standard deviations sqrt(variance - good units

83
Q

correlation

A

Wind variations in value or variable one synchronize with variable 2 variations

84
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measure of DIRECTION and STRENGTH of correlation - letter r -1 to +1

85
Q

explain various meanings of r

A

Perfect positive = +1 / perfect negative = -1 / none = no systemic change

86
Q

explain normal distribution

A

in middle mean + median+mode - 68% scores within 1 standard deviation - 95% within 2 SDs

87
Q

inferential statistics

A

GENERALIZATION from findings in a sample population - limit on errors - has significance

88
Q

review parts to good experiment

A

1 Manipulative IV 2 randomly assign subjects 3 Measure Dependent V

89
Q

Internally valid vs external

A

INTERNAL - casual relationship established - most PSYC not externally valid

90
Q

limits of correlation

A

cannot confirm related - need controlled experiment

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

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