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PSYC 100 > BioPsyc Chapter 3 > Flashcards

BioPsyc Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

NFL tie in

A

Easterling and Duerson - concussions → progressive brain damage → suicide

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2
Q

How many nerve cells in the brain

A

100 billion

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3
Q

Define Neurons

A

NEurons - cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information processing tasks

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4
Q

What did Cajal do

A

Golgi stain to see the three parts of the neuron

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5
Q

Define the Cell body

A

Cell body (soma) of neuron - coordinates processing of info/keeps the cell alive - contains the nucleus

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6
Q

Define Dendrite

A

Greek - tree - receives info from other neutrons & relays to cell body

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7
Q

Explain Axons

A

Axons - carry info to the neutrons, muscles, glands - very long up to 1 m - from spinal cord to toe; Dendrite-INBOX - AXON-OUTBOX

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8
Q

Define Myelin Sheath

A

myelin sheath covers axon - fatty material composed of glial cells

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9
Q

Define glial cells/ functions

A

Glial cells support cell in nervous syst. 1 - digest parts of dead neurons 2 physical/nutritional support for neurons - 3 form myelin

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10
Q

Demyelinating diseases

A

multiple sclerosis - myelin sheath deteriorates - slows neuron transmission ie loss of feeling overcome

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11
Q

Define Synapse + how many

A

junction between axon of one neutron and the dendrites / cell body of another - 100-500 trillion synapses in adults - info transmit across synapse = neuron communication

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12
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive info from the external world-conveyed to the brain and spinal cord i.e. In eyes-sensitive to light

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

signals to muscles produces movement

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14
Q

interneurons

A

Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, othe interneurons - MOST COMMON

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15
Q

specialized neurons example

A

1 purkinjie cells - info from cerebellum 2 pyramidal cerebral cortex 3 bipolar cells - eyesight

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16
Q

how fast do signals travel in the body

A

25-200 kPH

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17
Q

Explain Hodgkin and Huxley’s contribution

A

studied giant quid axons -found difference in charge inside + outside = resting potential

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18
Q

Electrochemical Action

A

1 conduction - signal within neurons - dendrite → cell body → axon 2 transmission - movement of signals of synapse = Electrochemical Action

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19
Q

Resting Potential

A
  • difference in electric charge in/out of Neuron’s cell membrane - arises from difference in [ion] - more K+ inside → so they move out - leave (-70Mv) charge inside; Resting Potential = potential energy - creates place for possible elec. impulse
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20
Q

Depolarization

A

Normally K+ flows out and Na+ blocked from going in - but in Depolarization → Na+ flows IN to axon - makes it less negatively charged

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21
Q

what is Action Potential

A

The electric impulse - Action Potential - an electric signal conducted along length of axon to synapse - “all or none” - not enough stimulation = none, enough = consistent; from loss of K+ and flow of NA+ in = the process

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22
Q

Refractory period

A

time after action potential when new action potential CANNOT be initiated - reversed to start by chemical pump - NA+ back out - K+ back in

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23
Q

Average firing limit (from refractory period)

A

30-500 times/sec

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24
Q

Intensity of stimulus changes THIS:

A

of neurons firing - frequency of individual neurons DOES NOT change action potential

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25
Q

what is Saltatory conduction

A

charge jumps through myelin to “nodes of Ranvier” - domino effect - speeds the flow of concentration

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26
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Like structures that branch out from the axon

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27
Q

neurotransmitters

A

In vesicles-chemicals that transmit info across the synapse to receiving dendrites

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28
Q

Why are neurotransmitters short-lived

A

One drift away 2 inactivated by enzymes 3 removed through a re-uptake

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29
Q

Receptors

A

Of the cell membrane to receive neurotransmitters-initiate or prevent new electric signal

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30
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Sending neuron where the message comes from

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31
Q

explain synaptic transmission

A

Neurotransmitters float across the synapse - bind to receptor sites - Communication, thoughts emotion

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32
Q

Nero transmitter prevalence

A

Different types for different places

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33
Q

Three-stepSynapse process

A

One reuptake-Nero transmitter is reabsorbed by presynaptic neuron’s axon 2 enzyme deactivation-transmitters broken down 3 auto receptors-detect excess -stop flow

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34
Q

Acetycholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter ACh - many functions ie voluntary motor - no ACh = botulism paralysis also Alzheimer’s death

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35
Q

Dopamine

A

transmitter Dopamine - regulates motor behaviour, pleasure, aruosal - role in addiction, high levels = schizophrenia, low levels = parkinson

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36
Q

Serotonin

A

transmitter - regulation of sleep, eating, aggressive behaviour - low levels = mood disorders - Porzac slows release - more useful less reuptake

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37
Q

Orexin

A

transmitter - eating, sleep

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38
Q

Glutamate

A

transmitter - excitatory in brain - enhances info transmission - too much = seizures

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39
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid - primary inhibitory transmitter - stops firing puts glutamate in check

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40
Q

Norepinephrine

A

transmitter - danger vigilance

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41
Q

Endorphins

A

transmitter - pain pathways/emotion centers “runner’s high”

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42
Q

What all those neurotransmitters do

A

normal functioning needs a delicate balance of each - imbalances CAN occur naturally - or drug induced

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43
Q

FACT: Electric charge of the action potential takes the form they can cross the synaptic gap

A

FACT: 60 -100 chemicals are neurotransmitters

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44
Q

FACT drugs mimic neurotransitters

A

FACT drug use affects brain function

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45
Q

Agonists

A

drugs that INCREASE the action of a neurotransmitter

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46
Q

L-Dopa

A

(agonist) L-Dopa treats Parkinsons - increase Dopamine - works less well over time ? Michael J Fox

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47
Q

Amphetamine-Cocaine Combo

A

Agonists Amphetamine - releases norepinephrine/dope; Cocaine - prevents norep/dope reuptake= FLOODS synapse=increased receptor activation = euphoria+energy - can lead to heart attack

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48
Q

Prozac

A

relieves depression - Serotonin reuptake inhibitor - Agonist

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49
Q

Clonidine

A

Agonist - Clonidine binds to autoreceptors - prevent their inhibitory effect

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50
Q

nicotine

A

agonist - binds to post-synaptic receptor sites - activate = increased neurotransmitters

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51
Q

Antagonists def

A

Antagonists BLOCK funciton of neurotransmitter vs Agonists increase func

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52
Q

Caffeine/Botulinium

A

Antagonists - they activate autoreceptors - inhibit release of neurotransmitters

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53
Q

Beta-blockers

A

Antagonists - ie propanalol - block transmitters from binding on post- synaptic receptors

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54
Q

Meth

A

affects pathways for dope, seortonin, etc - antagonist

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55
Q

Endocrine system

A

glands that secrete hormones

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56
Q

Define nervous System

A

network of neurons - convey electrochemical info throuought the body

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57
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System - brain + spinal cord

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58
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Connects CNS to organs/muscles

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59
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

conveys between VOLUNTARY MSUCLES / CNS

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60
Q

Automatic Nervous system

A

controls involuntary organs ie blood vessels heart 2 Subs: 1 sympathetic 2 parasympathetic

61
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System + Example

A

prepares body for action against threat ie danger alley - pupils dilate, heart rate faster

62
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

undoes sympathetic, returns body to normal resting state

63
Q

Symp + Parasymp Control

A

they coordinate many functions ie sexual behaviour - anxiety disrupts this balance

64
Q

Spinal Cord functions

A

beathing, moving, etc - puts higher processing to action

65
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

no brain instructions needed for basic responses/ contractions

66
Q

Spinal injury + superman

A

where the injury occurs = damage done ie Chris Reeve superman

67
Q

Brain weight

A

3 pounds - simpler funcitons @ lower levels

68
Q

Hindbrain

A

continuous with the spinal cord - coordintates info in/out of spinal cord

69
Q

Hindrain Structures

A

Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons

70
Q

Medulla

A

extension of spinal cord into skull - heart ratte, circulation, respiration

71
Q

Reticualr Formation

A

regulates sleep, wake, arousal

72
Q

cerbellum

A

“little brain” fine motor skills

73
Q

Pons

A

bridge - relays cerbellum info to rest of brain

74
Q

Midbrain

A

small in humans - 1 tectum, 2 tegmentum

75
Q

Tectum

A

orients an organism to environment ie swivel @ sound

76
Q

Tegmentum

A

movement and arousal - mood from here

77
Q

Forebrain

A

highest level - cognitive/emotional - ovverrides other parts in humans

78
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer - visible - 2 hemis

79
Q

Subcortical structures def + list

A

subcortical - udner cerebral cortex near center - protected (between ears) 1 Thalamus 2 Hypothalamus 3 Pituaitary Gland 4 Limbic System 5 Basal Ganglia

80
Q

Thalamus

A

relays info from SENSES - transmit to cerebral ie seeing/smelling apple

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp - hunger,thirst, sex - under thalamus

82
Q

Lesions @ hypothalamus

A

some lead to overeating - no appetite - electric stimualtion can make cats bite

83
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

master gland - hormones that direct other glands - ie breastfeeding releases oxytocin

84
Q

Limbic System

A

hpyothalamus, hippocampus, amygldala: motivation, emotion, learning, memory - subcorts meet cortex

85
Q

Hippocampus

A

seahorse - new memories then integrates into knowledge network for cortex storage ie damage- cant remember conversation

86
Q

Amygdala

A

tips of hippocampus (almond) - emotional memories ie haunted house

87
Q

what do the Basal Ganglia do

A

intentional movements and posture

88
Q

Parkinsons + Basal Ganglia

A

damaged so intentiona lmvmts not working - substantia niagra neurons damaged

89
Q

Gyri + Sulci

A

ridge on cerebral cortex - sulci = depressions - fold up cerbral cortex

90
Q

Brain organization across hemispheres

A

left/right - symmetrical in appearance

91
Q

Contralateral controls

A

right hemisphere from left side body, left hemi from right side body ie contralateral vision

92
Q

commisures

A

bundles of axons - make communication possible btwn parallels areas of the cortex in each half

93
Q

corpus callosum = commisure #1

A

large commisure - connects large areas of cerebral cortex on each side of the brain - supports communication acroos hemis - so right stuff registered in left half

94
Q

Organization WITHIN hemispheres

A

Lobes : Occipatal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

95
Q

Occipatal lobe

A

processes viual info - contains primary visual cortex

96
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

process touch - somatosensory cortex - strip of tissue from top of brain down sides - represents skin areas contralateral surface of bod - homunculus - image showing somatsoensory importance - Motor cortex - another strip for movmtn

97
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

responsible for learning/lang - PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX like others

98
Q

Frontal lobe

A

specialized areas for mvmt, abstract thinking, planning, emmory, judgment - HUMANS

99
Q

association areas

A

areas of cerbral cortex - provide sense + meaning to the info - neurons here more flexible - can be shaped by learning ie noises ? meaning

100
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

active when seeing behaviour ie handshake

101
Q

Marc dax

A

lateralization of brain 1936 left/right

102
Q

Paul Broca

A

Aphasias - Broca’s area - Monseiurg Leborne - “tan”

103
Q

Aphasias

A

braind dange defects

104
Q

Expressive Aphasias

A

individuals understand what they hear but CANNOT answer

105
Q

Receptive Aphasias

A

recpetive (wernicke’s ) aphasias - individuals cant express meaning in speech/ understand

106
Q

Explain cerebral cortex hemispheric specialization

A

Left: analysis, right side mvmt, speech ,writing; RIGHT spatial construction, face recognition, non-verbal images, left side mvmt

107
Q

Evidence of brain lateralization

A

perceptual assymetry - info in right visual field (to LEFT brain0 analyzed more cuz left goes to right side - EEG Patterns

108
Q

Explain Brain Plasiticity

A

sensory cortices adapt to changes in environment - ability to be modified ie Phantom Limb syndrome due to this

109
Q

Benefits of brain plasticity

A

ie better motor cortex for musicians, taxi drivers, etc specialization - physcial excersise stimulates hippcampus

110
Q

Is the brain perfect?

A

No - brain is not perfect - so NOT like enchanted loom philosphers thought

111
Q

Explain CNS development in embryo

A

4th week 3 levels visible 5 th week forebrain.hindbrian subs, subs foldi n on each other

112
Q

Explain Brain ontegeny

A

ontogeny - how brain develops in individual - 8 weeks - structures done - other species much slower

113
Q

explain evolution of CNS from other species

A

Protozoa - molecules trigger cilia - Flatworms - first CNS - humans = best

114
Q

Explain HUMAN brain evolution

A

forebrain is refined - evolved quickly than other species - primates to human time also rapid

115
Q

Explain Nature/nuture

A

Nature - genetics vs nurutre environment - focus has shifted to determine interaction of the 2

116
Q

Explain genes + chromosomes

A

Genes = section of DNA , Chromosomes = threads of DNA - 22 pairs are autosomes - 23rd pair = sex chromosomes, XX in females, XY in males - Karyotype = representation of human chromosomes

117
Q

Explain degree of relatedness

A

probs of sharing gnees - identical twins from split egg = 100% - dizogtic twin like all siblings 50% - monozyg twins higher chance of same disease

118
Q

Explain epigentic

A

environmental influences that determine if genes are expressed & degree of expression - Does NOT alter DNA

119
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

chemical modifications to DNA - turn genes on / off from environmetn

120
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

genotype - inherited genes - phenotype - observable traits

121
Q

consequences of the fact that genes come in pairs

A

alleles - homo/hetero - dominant, recessive so recessive allels only seen in homozygous offspring

122
Q

Define DNa methylation + example

A

DNA methylation - adding methyl group to DNA - works as epigentic mark “epigenetic writer” - swticdhes genes on/off ie nurses high/low stress different methylation

123
Q

Histone Modification

A

another source of epigentic marks - chemical to histones involved in packagin DNA

124
Q

FACT - Genetic capabilites deffer with your individual capabilities

A

FACT: intelligence can be inherited - extraversion less so

125
Q

Heritability + ratio

A

measure of variablitiy of traits accounted for by genes - ratio = 0-1.00 - high inheritance = 1.00

126
Q

Heritabiltiy of humans

A

Moderate Range 0.3-0.6 - not all intelligence is genetics

127
Q

3 genetic disorders in humans

A

1 PKU (phenylketonuria) - single recessive gene on autosome - treated with special diet 2 red-green colour blindness - recessive trait by X chromosome so sex-linked 3 Huntington’s disease - Woody guthrie

128
Q

4 heritability points

A

1 its an abstract concept - not specific genes 2 - pop concept not inidividuals 3 dpeendent on environment 4 Not fate

129
Q

explain licking & grooming effect

A

more LG = chilled out adult rats, less = high strung rats

130
Q

Why study damaged brain

A

To understand normal operation

131
Q

Explain Broca / Wernicke Areas

A

Broca’s aea = spoken language, left frontal lobe Wernicker’s area - lang. comprhension - upper left temporal lobe

132
Q

Phineas Gage

A

railroad work - pole through frontal lobe -quiet before now a irritable MF

133
Q

Split brain research + examples

A

Sperry , also Gazzinga, normal - info comes In and shared between hemis - split brain to treat epilepsy- info goes to left hemi and stays there ie could speak but could pick it up ( in left but not right)

134
Q

Split Brain chimeric face example

A

Brad&Leo - can answer leo cuz right side seen by left speech brain, point to brad, cuz left hand controlled by right seeing brain (contralateral vision)

135
Q

Hubert + Wiesel

A

mapped visual cortex - cortrast between light/dark areas - - has feature detectors - repsond to certain aspects of image

136
Q

EEG Electroencophalograph

A

EEG records electrical activity in brain- ie awake vs sleep

137
Q

List 2 neuroimaging techniques

A

1 structural brain imaging - basic 2 functional brain imaging - shows activity of tasks

138
Q

Explain strucutral brain imaging methods

A

1 CT computerized axial tomopgraphy - xrays 2 MRI - magnetic resonance - line up nuclei of molecules - then snap back into place - the energy scanned - good for soft tissue - 3 DTI diffusion tensor imaging - maps connectivity with pathways of water molecules

139
Q

Functional brain imaging techniques

A

1 PET scan (positron emission tomography) radioactive substance into bloodstream while tasks - harmless\ 2. fMRI - detects difference between oxy/deoxy hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses

140
Q

fMRI over Pet advatages

A
  1. no radiaoctive exposure 2 localizes change across BRIEFER periods
141
Q

what network does functional imaging show when subject at rest

A

default network

142
Q

insights from functional imaging

A

fusiform gyrus - Phineas gage - PET confirms different areas activated when listening

143
Q

Why cant fMRI be used to validate courtroom

A

fMRI results averaged - not just single individual

144
Q

Define brain death

A

irreversible loss of all brain functions

145
Q

Why use transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

cant ethically do brain damge - but can mimic with TMS

146
Q

Define transcranial magnetic stimulation +_ visual cortex example

A

activates/deactives cortex with mmagnetic pulse = temporary damagee ie motion dtectin damaged on visual cortex so CONC: visual cortex causes mtoion perception

147
Q

Explain fMRI TMS combos

A

TMS to mimic brain damge -fMRI to see where its occuring

148
Q

List 3 Brain myths

A

1 10% used 2 toddler stimuli dievolop brain 3 different learning types

149
Q

Heritabiltiy equation

A

find it online

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